1 APPENDIX 2

Stanley Station (see Section 7.2.1)

Table 7.2.1.4.1 Mean–monthly precipitation at Stanley Station (~51º 42´ S, ~57º 54´ W, ~51 m AMSL), Falkland Islands.

(Compiled from 949 months of data spanning 1874–1982 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	71.6	56.2	58.0	58.5	59.9	51.8	48.2	47.1	38.6	37.6	46.9	67.2	642.6

Table 7.2.1.4.2 Mean–monthly temperature at Stanley (~51º 42´ S, ~57º 54´ W, ~51 m AMSL), Falkland Islands.

(Compiled from 709 months of data spanning 1922–88 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	9.1	9.3	8.1	6.0	3.8	2.4	2.0	2.3	3.6	5.4	7.0	8.3	5.7

Grytviken Station (see Section 7.2.2)

Table 7.2.2.4.1 Mean–monthly precipitation at Grytviken (~54º 16´ S, ~36º 30´ W, ~3 m AMSL), South Georgia.

(From: http://www.top-wetter.de/klimadiagramme/suedamerika/88903.htm.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	121.4	134.9	177.8	125.0	117.2	124.3	98.3	88.4	90.9	88.8	88.1	112.1	1367.2

Table 7.2.2.4.2 Mean–monthly temperature at Grytviken (~54º 16´ S, ~36º 30´ W, ~3 m AMSL), South Georgia.

(From: http://www.top-wetter.de/klimadiagramme/suedamerika/88903.htm.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	5.0	2.6	0.7	-0.7	-1.4	-1.5	-0.2	2.0	3.6	3.9	4.8	5.4	2.0

Transvaal Bay Station (see Section 7.2.3)

Table 7.2.3.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP pressure at Transvaal Bay (~40º 21´ S, ~9º 53´ W, ~54 m AMSL), Gough Island.

(Compiled from 390 months of data spanning 1955–88 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	1013.6	1015.7	1015.9	1014.2	1012.4	1012.9	1015.0	1016.4	1016.1	1016.5	1015.2	1013.2	1014.8

Table 7.2.3.4.2 Average numbers of days with fog in Transvaal Bay (~40º 21´ S, 9º 53´ W, ~54 m AMSL), Gough Island.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Number fog days	2.7	1.9	3.3	2.6	1.4	1.7	1.2	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.7	1.9	23

Transvaal Bay Station cont. (see Section 7.2.3)

Table 7.2.3.4.3 Mean–monthly precipitation statistics for Transvaal Bay (~40º 21´ S, 9º 53´ W, ~54 m AMSL), Gough Island.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Ave. total (mm)	207	178	256	277	289	318	266	299	267	296	261	240	3154
Ave. no. days > 0.1 mm	22.5	19.3	23.8	23.4	26.7	27.7	28.4	27.1	25.3	24.8	21.4	22.5	293
Ave. no. thunder days	0.1	0.1	0	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	3
Ave. no. days with hail or ice pellets	0	0	0.9	0.3	0.9	1.1	2.2	1.8	1.9	0.7	0.6	0.1	11
Ave. no. days with snow	0	0	0	0.1	0.6	0.9	2	1.9	1.9	0.5	0.2	0.1	8

Table 7.2.3.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature statistics for Transvaal Bay, Gough Island (~40º 21´ S, ~9º 53´ W, ~54 m AMSL).

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean (ºC)	14.2	14.5	14	12.9	11.3	10.1	9.1	8.9	9.1	10.4	12.1	13.2	11.7
Mean Maximum (ºC)	17.2	17.4	16.8	15.3	13.6	12.5	11.6	11.3	11.6	12.9	14.9	16.2
Mean Minimum (ºC)	11.2	11.7	11.3	10.4	8.9	7.7	6.6	6.5	6.7	7.9	9.4	10.3
Record Maximum (ºC)	26.4	26.7	25.9	22.6	20.5	19	19.3	18.6	19.3	21.4	23.9	25.1
Record Minimum (ºC)	4.2	5.1	4.8	2.6	1.4	0.8	–0.9	–2.7	0.2	0.5	2.4	4.1

Marion Island Station (see Section 7.2.5)

Table 7.2.5.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP at Marion Island Station (~46º 53´ S, ~37º 52´ W, ~22 m AMSL), Marion Island.

(Compiled from 485 months of data spanning 1948–88 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	1003.9	1007.7	1009.5	1007.6	1007.0	1008.1	1008.2	1008.6	1008.4	1008.3	1005.4	1002.4	1007.1

Table 7.2.5.4.2 Mean–monthly precipitation at Marion Island Station (~46º 53´ ~S, 37º 52´ W, ~22 m AMSL), Marion Island.

(Compiled from 510 months of data spanning 1948–90 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	211.7	187.9	218.2	216.2	228.6	207.2	199.3	181.9	183.8	170.0	181.6	214.6	2401.1

Marion Island Station cont. (see Section 7.2.5)

Table 7.2.5.4.3 Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Marion Island Station (~46º 53´ S, ~37º 52´ W, ~22 m AMSL), Marion Island.

(Compiled from 358 months of data spanning 1960–90 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Max. temp. (ºC)	10.4	10.8	10.5	9.0	7.7	7.2	6.4	6.2	6.5	7.7	8.8	9.7	8.4
Min. temp. (ºC)	4.7	5.2	5.0	3.8	2.8	2.3	1.7	1.2	1.4	2.1	2.8	3.8	3.1

Crozet Station (see Section 7.2.6)

Table 7.2.6.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Crozet Station (~46.43º S, ~51.87º E, ~143 m AMSL), Crozet Islands.

(Compiled from data spanning 1966–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	10.2	9.5	9.9	10.2	10.8	11.5	11.6	11.5	11.5	10.7	10.3	10.5	10.8

Table 7.2.6.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Crozet Station (~46.43º S, ~51.87º E, ~143 m AMSL), Crozet Islands.

(Compiled from data spanning 1973–82.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	1005.9	1012.4	1012.3	1009.7	1009.1	1006.1	1009.9	1008.3	1008.5	1005.4	1002.3	1004.2	1007.8

Table 7.2.6.4.3 Mean–monthly precipitation at Crozet Station (~46.43º S, ~51.87º E, ~143 m AMSL), Crozet Islands.

(Compiled from data spanning 1966–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	178	162	204	222	214	201	203	236	208	199	186	200	2413

Table 7.2.6.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at Crozet Station, Crozet Islands, (~46.43º S, ~51.87º E, ~143 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1966–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	7.2	7.8	7.5	6.1	4.7	3.9	3.4	3.0	2.9	3.5	4.6	6.0	5 .0

(The all time extreme daily values are +23 .1°C and –5.4°C.)

Kerguelen Station (see Section 7.2.7)

Table 7.2.7.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Kerguelen Station (~49.35º S, ~70.257º E, ~29 m AMSL), Kerguelen Islands.

(Compiled from data spanning 1951–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	9.5	9.0	9.4	9.4	9.2	9.7	10.1	10.7	10.7	10.5	10.0	9.7	9.8

Kerguelen Station cont. (see Section 7.2.7)

Table 7.2.7.4.2 Mean–monthly surface air pressure at Kerguelen Station, Kerguelen Islands (~49.35º S, ~70.257º E, ~29 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1951–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	1000.9	1005.9	1007.1	1004.6	1001.4	998.9	1001.2	1001.2	1000.2	1001.4	999.2	999.0	1001.7

Table 7.2.7.4.3 Mean–monthly precipitation at Kerguelen Station, Kerguelen Islands (~49.35º S, ~70.257º E, ~29 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1951–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	55.5	46.6	61.1	72.7	83.9	71.7	77.2	75.3	75.6	62.3	62.6	66.5	811.1

Table 7.2.7.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at Kerguelen Station, Kerguelen Islands (~49.35º S, ~70.257º E, ~29 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1951–90.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	7.2	7.6	7.0	5.7	3.7	2.3	2.0	2.0	2.2	3.3	4.6	6.2	4.5

Atlas Cove (see Section 7.2.8)

Table 7.2.8.4.1 Climate Statistics for Atlas Cove (~53º 01´ 12″ S, ~73º 23´ 24″ W, ~3 m AMSL), Heard Island.

(Compiled from data spanning 1948–54.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean maximum temperature (ºC)	5.2	5.1	4.6	4.1	3.1	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.0	1.5	2.5	4.2	3.4
Extreme maximum temperature (ºC)	12.8	14.4	13.3	13.3	10.6	7.2	8.9	11.7	5.0	6.7	6.1	11.7	14.4
Mean minimum temperature (ºC)	1.6	1.7	1.2	0.7	–0.3	–2.0	–2.6	–2.5	–3.1	–1.9	–0.7	0.7
Extreme minimum temperature (ºC)	–1.1	–1.1	–1.7	–4.4	–5.0	–8.9	–7.8	–8.9	–8.9	–8.3	–4.4	–1.1	–8.9
Mean precipitation (mm)	128	149	144	155	146	84	84	54	72	99	100	138	1353
Day of precipitation	28	25	27	27	24	21	20	20	18	21	20	23	274
Maximum wind gust & direction (kt)	W/85	E/85	W/90	SW/86	W/83	SW/93	SW/93	SW/113	W/96	W/90	WNW103	E/88
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	8	8	8	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	8	8

Macquarie Island Station (see Section 7.2.9)

Table 7.2.9.4.1 Climate statistics for Macquarie Island Station (~54º 25´ S, ~158º 58´ ″ W, ~6 m AMSL), Macquarie Island.

(Compiled from data spanning 1948–2002.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum temperatures (º C)	8.8	8.6	8.0	6.9	5.9	5.0	4.9	5.0	5.4	5.7	6.5	7.9	6.6
Mean daily minimum temperatures (º C)	5.3	5.3	4.7	3.6	2.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.6	2.0	2.7	4.2	3.0
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	13.6	12.3	12.6	12.2	9.6	8.7	8.3	8.5	8.6	10.3	10.7	14.4	14.4
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	0.6	-0.6	-2.3	-4.5	-6.8	-7.0	-8.9	-8.9	-8.7	-4.6	-3.3	-1.7	-8.9
Mean 9am relative humidity (%)	86.9	86.9	86.8	87.4	87.8	87.9	87.7	87.2	86.0	84.0	84.4	85.8	86.6
Mean 3pm relative humidity (%)	84.8	85.5	85.8	87.4	87.6	87.5	88.1	87.2	85.3	83.1	83.6	84.3	85.9
Mean 9am cloud amount (oktas)	7.0	6.9	6.9	6.9	6.9	6.9	6.9	6.9	6.8	6.9	6.9	7.0	6.9
Mean 3pm cloud amount (oktas)	6.8	6.7	6.7	7.0	6.9	7.0	6.9	7.0	6.8	6.9	6.9	6.9	6.9
Maximum wind gust –Dir–Speed (m s^–1)	W 46.9	W 40.2	WNW 50	W 47.4	W 45.8	W 46.9	W 49.4	SW 43.8	W 51.5	W 44.8	W 39.1	WNW 44.3	W 51.5
Mean MSL Pressure 9am (hPa)	1000.2	1000.5	1001.3	1000.9	1001.3	1002.7	1003.8	1001.7	998.3	997.0	998.0	999.3	1000.4
Mean MSL Pressure 3pm (hPa)	999.9	1000.2	1000.9	1000.3	1000.8	1002.1	1003.5	1001.1	997.7	996.8	997.7	999.1	1000.0
Mean Daily Sunshine Duration (hours)	3.5	3.6	2.7	1.8	1.0	0.6	0.8	1.5	2.2	3.0	3.5	3.5	2.3
Mean monthly rainfall (mm)	83.2	85.1	99.0	92.9	81.8	74.4	71.2	69.6	70.2	76.3	68.7	76.9	949.3

Orcadas Station (see Section 7.3.1)

Table 7.3.1.4.1 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Orcadas (~60º 45' S, ~44º 43' W, ~6 m AMSL), South Orkney Islands.

(Compiled from 576 months of data spanning 1903–79 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	990.9	990.2	990.1	990.0	992.1	994.6	993.7	993.8	992.4	991.2	987.8	991.7	991.5

Table 7.3.1.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Orcadas (~60º 45' S, ~44º 43' W, ~6 m AMSL), South Orkney Islands.

(Compiled from 920 months of data spanning 1903–79 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	991.8	991.3	991.4	991.3	993.1	995.3	995.5	995.0	993.6	992.0	989.5	992.6	992.7

Table 7.3.1.4.3 Mean–monthly precipitation at Orcadas (~60º 45' S, ~44º 43' W, ~6 m AMSL), South Orkney Islands.

(Compiled from 983 months of data spanning 1904–90 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	36.6	50.7	59.4	50.2	40.9	37.0	34.2	37.1	34.0	35.4	35.8	33.8	485.8

Table 7.3.1.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at Orcadas (~60º 45' S, ~44º 43' W, ~6 m AMSL), South Orkney Islands.

(Compiled from 1048 months of data spanning 1903–91 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	0.4	0.5	-0.2	-2.7	-6.4	-9.5	-10.3	-9.4	-6.2	-3.5	-1.7	-0.4	-4.1

Signy Station (see Section 7.3.1)

Table 7.3.1.4.5 Mean–monthly temperature at Signy, (~60º 43' S, ~45º 36' W, ~6 m AMSL), South Orkney Islands.

(Compiled from 531 months of data spanning 1947–91 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	1.0	1.2	0.2	-2.1	-5.5	-8.6	-9.9	-8.4	-5.2	-2.6	-1.2	0.0	-3.4

Great Wall Station (see Section 7.3.2)

Table 7.3.2.4.1 Climate statistics for Great Wall Station (~62º 13' S, ~58º 58' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

(Compiled from data spanning 1985–95.)

Element/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily temperatures (º C)	1.8	1.9	0.4	–2.2	–4.7	–6.0	–7.0	–5.9	–4.2	–2.9	–1.0	0.5	–2.5
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	11.7	8.4	8.4	4.3	6.8	5.7	2.6	3.3	3.8	3.6	5.5	8.3	11.7
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	–3.1	–5.5	–10.3	–17.2	–24.0	–22.4	–26.6	–26.6	–23.5	–16.3	–12.4	–8.2	–26.6
Mean relative humidity (%)	88	89	88	88	87	87	90	90	90	89	90	88	89
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	7.4	7.0	7.0	7.1	6.6	6.6	6.7	6.9	7.0	6.9	7.1	7.4	7.0
Mean wind direction	ESE	WNW	ESE	ESE	ESE	ESE	ESE	WNW	WNW	WNE	WNW	WNW	ESE
Mean wind speed (m s^–1 )	6.3	6.6	7.3	7.3	7.6	7.7	7.7	7.6	8.4	8.5	7.3	6.4	7.4
Maximum wind gust – (m s^–1)	26.0	29.0	30.0	29.8	28.0	37.7	34.5	28.0	34.2	37.2	27.0	30.8	37.7
No. days of gales	6	6	11	11	14	12	15	14	16	15	8	5	133
Mean MSL pressure (hPa)	990.0	994.2	987.4	989.5	994.0	991.7	991.4	990.2	988.1	988.1	984.8	986.7	989.8
Mean–monthly precip. (mm)	48.5	61.9	68.2	54.7	38.5	48.7	51.9	35.5	42.0	38.7	41.9	36.1	566.6
No. of rain days	19	19	23	22	20	22	23	22	23	22	20	19	254

Frei Station (see Section 7.3.2)

Table 7.3.2.4.2 Mean–monthly distribution (%) of wind directions at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Direction/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec
360	10.9	10.6	10.1	8	8.8	10.4	8.3	12.2	13.9	12.4	13.6	12.9
30	7.1	7.6	6.4	6.3	6.5	6.5	6	5.8	7.5	5	5.9	5.9
60	2.4	2	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.4	1.5	1.1	0.5	0.8	2	1.8
90	12.2	7.4	8.6	9.3	7.5	8.9	5.6	8.2	5	4.3	6.4	9
120	17.8	16.5	13.3	14.6	15	14.9	13.7	12	9.7	7.5	10.6	15.9
150	5.1	3.6	3.3	3.9	5.9	7.1	4.8	6.8	5.2	1.5	2.5	4.1
180	1.2	1	0.9	1.5	2.7	2.1	2.4	1.9	1	1.1	0.9	0.8
210	1.5	1.6	1.5	2.6	3.5	1.8	2.1	3.5	2.4	2.5	1.8	1
240	3.7	5.5	4.4	6	9.2	6.2	8.1	7	8.3	8.1	5.7	4.3
270	11.7	14.5	17.1	13.6	9.7	10.8	10.9	9.7	12.7	17.9	16.2	12.6
300	9.6	10.8	12.5	9.7	7.1	7	8	9	9.7	13.4	11	3.4
330	11.5	14.4	14.9	16.6	12.2	10	12.1	12.3	16.8	19.8	16.9	13.6
CALM	5.4	4.4	4.5	5.8	9.6	12	16.5	10.6	7.4	5.7	6.5	4.8

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.1 Frequency of occurrence of wind speeds higher than certain specified values at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island. (The key shows the units in kt while the figure shows m s^–1 (kt).)

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.2 Annual mean wind direction at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W,

~10 m AMSL), King George Island. (The red area shows the envelope of wind directions at Frei.)

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.3 Percentage of days with 6 or more oktas of cloud at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.4 Percentage frequency of wind directions when the visibility is less than 1600 m for the various seasons at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.5 Percentage frequency of reduced visibility when the visibility is less than 1600 m, 5000 m and 10000 m for the various seasons at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.6 Average numbers of days per month of liquid or solid precipitation at Frei Station, (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.7 Mean–monthly precipitation (mm) at Frei Station, (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

a name="Figure_7_3_2_4_8">

Figure 7.3.2.4.8< Percentage occurrence of rainfall amounts falling in 24 hr at Frei Station, (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.9 Mean–monthly temperature (solid line) and standard deviations (vertical bars) of the mean–monthly temperature at Frei Station (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.10 Hourly and monthly percentage distribution of above freezing temperatures (T>0ºC) at Frei Station, (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Frei Station cont. (see Section 7.3.2)

Figure 7.3.2.4.11 Hourly and monthly percentage distribution of below freezing temperatures (–10°C < T° < 0°C) at Frei Station, (~62º 25' S, ~58º 53' W, ~10 m AMSL), King George Island.

Capitan Arturo Prat Station (see Section 7.3.3)

Table 7.3.3.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP at Capitan Arturo Prat Station (~62º 30' S, ~59º 41' W, ~5 m AMSL), Greenwich Island.

(Compiled from 189 months of data spanning 1966–85 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/) (Data for February seemed suspect and were not included.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	995.1	–	994.8	993.1	998.1	998.4	998.0	992.6	995.5	993.8	992.8	996.5	994.9

Table 7.3.3.4.2 Mean–monthly precipitation at Capitan Arturo Prat Station (~62º 30' S, ~59º 41' W, ~5 m AMSL), Greenwich Island.

(Compiled from 242 months of data spanning 1966–90 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	47.0	65.7	86.5	56.0	42.3	32.8	31.4	36.3	53.7	43.9	61.0	52.0	599.1

Table 7.3.3.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Capitan Arturo Prat Station (~62º 30' S, ~59º 41' W, ~5 m AMSL), Greenwich Island.

(Compiled from 293 months of data spanning 1966–91 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	1.2	1.1	0.0	-1.9	-4.3	-6.0	-6.9	-6.5	-4.5	-2.5	-1.0	0.5	-2.6

Decepción Station (see Section 7.3.4)

Table 7.3.4.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP at Decepción Station (~62º 59' S, ~60º 34' W, ~7 m AMSL), Deception Island.

(Compiled from 256 months of data spanning 1944–67 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	990.6	989.8	989.2	989.9	993.2	992.8	993.2	993.6	991.4	987.8	988.1	992.6	991.0

Table 7.3.4.4.2 Mean–monthly temperature at Decepción Station (~62º 59' S, ~60º 34' W, ~7 m AMSL), Deception Island.

(Compiled from 356 months of data spanning 1944–67 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	1.5	1.2	0.2	-2.1	-4.3	-6.9	-8.4	-7.8	-5.1	-2.6	-0.5	0.4	-2.8

Marambio Station (see Section 7.3.5)

Table 7.3.5.4.1 Average station–level pressure at Marambio Station (~64º 14' S, ~56º 43' W, ~198 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from data spanning 1970–91 and taken from: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/climate.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	991.4	988.5	987.3	990.3	995.8	993.6	991.6	989.7	988.0	986.7	984.7	989.9	989.8

Marambio Station cont. (see Section 7.3.5)

Table 7.3.5.4.5 Mean–monthly temperature at Marambio Station (~64º 14' S, ~56º 43' W, ~198 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from data spanning 1970–91 and taken from: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/climate.html.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Temperature

(ºC)

-1.7

-3.0

-6.7

-12.4

-14.5

-15.2

-14.9

-14.0

-10.9

-7.1

-4.2

-1.9

-9.0

Figure 7.3.5.4.1 A summer season (November to March) wind rose for Marambio Station (~64º 14' S, ~56º 43' W, ~198 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

General Bernardo O’Higgins Station (see Section 7.3.5)

Table 7.3.5.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at General Bernardo O’Higgins Station (~63º 19' S, ~57º 04' W, ~12 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from 132 months of data spanning 1966–85 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	993.2	988.4	991.3	989.0	995.5	992.4	994.9	990.6	991.2	986.9	987.6	993.2	991.2

Table 7.3.5.4.3 Mean–monthly precipitation at General Bernardo O’Higgins Station (~63º 19' S, ~57º 04' W, ~12 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from 114 months of data spanning 1966–85 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	27.1	46.8	51.2	48.2	25.8	34.3	39.2	54.2	50.3	44.8	39.7	26.9	486.4

Table 7.3.5.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at General Bernardo O’Higgins Station (~63º 19' S, ~57º 04' W, ~12 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from 290 months of data spanning 1966–91 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	0.4	0.0	-1.5	-4.0	-6.6	-8.1	-8.5	-8.1	-5.8	-3.6	-1.7	0.0	-4.0

Esperanza Station (see Section 7.3.5)

Table 7.3.5.4.6 Mean–monthly temperature at Esperanza Station (~63º 25' S, ~56º 59' W, ~13 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from 372 months of data spanning 1945–79 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	0.1	-1.2	-3.6	-7.4	-9.6	-11.7	-11.8	-10.3	-7.4	-4.4	-2.1	-0.1	-5.9

Petrel Station (see Section 7.3.5)

Table 7.3.5.4.7 Mean–monthly temperature at Petrel Station (~63º 28' S, ~57º 17' W, ~18 m AMSL), Trinity Peninsula.

(Compiled from 120 months of data spanning 1968–77 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-0.5	-1.2	-4.9	-9.7	-12.2	-13.2	-12.1	-12.5	-10.1	-3.7	-1.8	0.0	-6.8

Akademik Vernadasky Station (see Section 7.3.6)

Table 7.3.6.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP at Akademik Vernadasky (formerly Faraday) Station (~65º 15´ S, ~64º 16´ W, ~7 m AMSL),

west‑central section of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from data spanning 1994–98 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	990.6	988.6	988.4	988.8	992.7	992.5	992.4	990.5	988.8	985.9	985.8	990.7	989.6

Table 7.3.6.4.3 Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Akademik Vernadasky (formerly Faraday) Station (~65º 15´ S, ~64º 16´ W,

~7 m AMSL), west–central section of the Antarctic Peninsula.

(Compiled from data spanning 1947–94 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Max. temp. (ºC)	2.7	2.4	1.2	-0.9	-3.0	-4.8	-6.4	-6.2	-4.2	-1.9	0.4	2.2	-1.5
Min. temp. (ºC)	-1.1	-1.3	-2.4	-5.0	-7.7	-10.4	-13.5	-14.2	-11.9	-8.7	-5.0	-2.2	-6.9

Palmer Station (see Section 7.3.6)

Table 7.3.6.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Palmer Station (~64º 46´ S, ~64º 03´ W, ~15 m AMSL), west–central section of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from data spanning 1978–93 and taken from: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	989.6	987.1	991.2	989.1	992.3	988.3	989.5	988.5	988.8	987.4	985.6	986.9	988.9

Table 7.3.6.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at Palmer Station, (~64º 46´ S, ~64º 03´ W, ~15 m AMSL), west–central section of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from data spanning 1974–94 and taken from: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	1.7	2.1	-0.1	-2	-3.6	-5.4	-8	-8.9	-6.4	-3.3	-1.1	1.8	-3.1

Almirante Brown Station (see Section 7.3.6)

Table 7.3.6.4.5 Mean–monthly temperature at Almirante Brown Station (~64º 54' S, ~62º 52' W, ~10 m AMSL),west–central section of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from 205 months of data spanning 1951–84 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	1.8	1.3	0.1	-1.9	-4.3	-6.0	-7.6	-6.8	-5.2	-2.6	-0.5	1.1	-2.4

San Martin Station (see Section 7.3.7)

Table 7.3.7.4.1 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at San Martin Station (~68º 07´ 47″ S, ~67º 06´ 12″ W, ~5 m AMSL), Marguerite

Bay‑Adelaide Island area of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from data spanning 1976–91 and taken from: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	988	985.1	986.1	986.1	990.7	988.6	988.3	984.8	985.8	983.1	981.7	988.2	986.3

Table 7.3.7.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at San Martin Station (~68º 07´ 47″ S, ~67º 06´ 12″ W, ~5 m AMSL), Marguerite Bay and

Adelaide Island area of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from data spanning 1976–94 and taken from: http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	1.3	0.3	-1.8	-4.4	-7.3	-11.2	-12.6	-12.3	-9	-7.3	-2.5	-0.2	-5.7

Teniente Luis Carvajal Station (see Section 7.3.7)

Table 7.3.7.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Teniente Luis Carvajal Station (formerly Adelaide Station) (~62º 45´ S, ~68º 54´ W, ~25m AMSL),

Marguerite Bay–Adelaide Island area of the Antarctic Peninsula.

(Compiled from 146 months of data spanning 1963–75 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	990.7	988.7	985.1	986.4	989.5	991.6	991.1	990.0	983.1	982.4	983.9	989.7	987.7

Table 7.3.7.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at Teniente Luis Carvajal Station (formerly Adelaide Station), Marguerite Bay–Adelaide Island

area of the Antarctic Peninsula (~62º 45´ S, ~68º 54´ W, ~25m AMSL).

(Compiled from 192 months of data spanning 1957–75 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-0.2	-0.4	-1.8	-5.3	-7.8	-9.9	-11.7	-12.4	-8.5	-5.8	-2.2	-0.1	-5.5

Rothera Station (see Section 7.3.7)

Table 7.3.7.4.5 Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Rothera Station (~67º 34´ 19″ S, ~68º 07´ 37″ W, ~16m AMSL), Marguerite Bay/Adelaide Island area of the Antarctic Peninsula. (Compiled from data spanning 1977–2001 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/icd/gjma/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Max. temp. (ºC)

2.5

2.7

0.7

−0.4

−1.1

−2.8

−2.7

−3.9

−3.8

−3.2

−0.1

1.8

1.9

Min. temp. (ºC)

−1.3

−4.2

−10.6

−11.3

−15.1

−20.5

−18.1

−17.7

−10.4

−6.5

−0.9

0.0

Ski-Hi AWS (see Section 7.3.9)

Table 7.3.9.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at the Ski-Hi AWS (~74º 58´ S, ~70º 46´ W, ~1395 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1994–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

2.9

5.4

4.2

4.5

6.5

4.2

6.1

5.1

4.7

4.5

4.4

2.3

4.6

Wind direction

SSE

ENE

ESE

Table 7.3.9.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at the Ski-Hi AWS (~74º 58´ S, ~70º 46´ W, ~1395 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1994–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	831.1	821.0	822.1	826.6	823.3	829.6	824.2	820.2	823.3	821.5	825.0	832.1	825.0

Table 7.3.9.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at the Ski-Hi AWS (~74º 58´ S, ~70º 46´ W, ~1395 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1994–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-4.2	-19.3	-26.3	-29.3	-30.0	-32.2	-32.2	-35.7	-32.9	-30.6	-17.3	-3.4	-24.4

Larsen Ice Shelf AWS (see Section 7.3.10)

Table 7.3.10.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at the Larsen Ice Shelf AWS (~66º 58´ S, ~66º 33´ W, ~17 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1985–99 and taken from:http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/larsenicemain.html.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

2.3

3.2

3.3

2.8

2.0

2.3

2.0

2.3

3.5

2.7

2.2

2.0

2.5

Wind direction

ESE

SSE

ESE

Table 7.3.10.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at the Larsen Ice Shelf AWS (~66º 58´ S, ~66º 33´ W, ~17 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1985–99 and taken from:http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/larsenicemain.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	985.7	985.0	983.9	989.1	990.6	989.4	987.0	984.0	983.1	980.4	978.7	984.2	985.1

Table 7.3.10.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at the Larsen Ice Shelf AWS (~66º 58´ S, ~66º 33´ W, ~17 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1985–99 and taken from:http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/larsenicemain.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	0.2	-4.0	-9.7	-17.2	-20.0	-20.5	-20.0	-18.6	-14.1	-10.8	-2.9	0.5	-11.4

Limbert AWS (see Section 7.4.2)

Table 7.4.2.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at the Limbert AWS (~75º 25´ S, ~59º 57´ W, ~40 m AMSL), on the Ronne Ice Shelf.

(Compiled from data spanning 1995–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

4.3

5.6

6.5

5.4

7.8

3.3

3.2

7.9

4.7

4.8

6.8

5.0

Wind direction

ESE

ENE

ESE

SSE

ESE

Table 7.4.2.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at the Limbert AWS (~75º 25´ S, ~59º 57´ W, ~40 m AMSL), on the Ronne Ice Shelf.

(Compiled from data spanning 1995–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	986.0	987.8	986.3	988.6	986.7	993.9	984.0	986.1	991.6	981.7	982.8	979.7	986.3

Table 7.4.2.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at the Limbert AWS (~75º 25´ S, ~59º 57´ W, ~40 m AMSL), on the Ronne Ice Shelf.

(Compiled from data spanning 1995–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-7.8	-14.1	-22.9	-28.9	-28.4	-30.8	-32.9	-30.9	-34.8	-24.0	-13.0	-6.6	-22.9

Thyssen Höhe (temporary AWS) (see Section 7.4.3)

Table 7.4.3.4.1 Some meteorological averages taken at Thyssen Höhe (~79º 34´ S, ~45º 47´ W, ~886 m AMSL), the south dome of Berkner

Island. (From Reijmer et al., 1999.)

Parameter/Year	1995	1996	1997
Mean temperatures (ºC)	-23.6	-22.2	-25.7
Minimum temp. (ºC)	-40.2	-39.7	-43.5
Maximum temp. (ºC)	-8.5	-8.5	-7.7
Mean wind speed (m s^–1)	4.3	5.1	3.8
Max wind speed (m s^–1)	16.3	30.8	23.4
Wind direction (º)	23.3	358.3	13.4
Directional constancy	0.43	0.57	0.38
Mean station level pressure (hPa)	881.2	881.1	881.1

(Directional constancy is defined here as the ratio of the magnitude of the vector mean

wind speed to the scalar mean.)

Belgrano II Station (see Section 7.5.1)

Table 7.5.1.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Belgrano II Station (~77º 52´ S, ~34º 37´ W, ~32 m AMSL), Coates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1989–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	7.6	11.6	12.2	11.3	13.5	11.4	13.1	11.8	13.7	11.0	12.5	8.9	11.5

Table 7.5.1.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Belgrano II Station (~77º 52´ S, ~34º 37´ W, ~32 m AMSL), Coates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1989–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	989.3	992.3	990.9	988.9	989.1	996.1	988.7	990.6	991.8	988.3	991.7	991.5	990.8

Table 7.5.1.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Belgrano II Station (~77º 52´ S, ~34º 37´ W, ~32 m AMSL), Coates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1989–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-2.7	-6.4	-11.7	-16.9	-17.2	-20.2	-20.8	-20.2	-19.6	-14.7	-7.3	-3.5	-13.4

Halley Station (see Section 7.5.2)

Table 7.5.2.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Halley Station (~75º 35´ S, ~26º 22´ W, ~39 m AMSL), Coates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1957–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	10.5	11.4	13.1	13.5	13.0	13.4	13.4	14.4	14.3	14.3	13.2	10.8	12.9

Table 7.5.2.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Halley Station (~75º 35´ S, ~26º 22´ W, ~39 m AMSL), Coates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1957–90 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	993.0	991.0	987.6	988.1	990.8	991.5	988.8	988.3	985.7	984.5	986.6	992.0	989.0

Table 7.5.2.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Halley Station (~75º 35´ S, ~26º 22´ W, ~39 m AMSL), Coates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1957–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-4.5	-9.9	-16.4	-21.3	-24.9	-26.7	-28.7	-28.4	-26.4	-19.8	-11.6	-5.3	-18.7

Neumayer Station (see Section 7.5.4)

Table 7.5.4.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Neumayer Station (~70º 40´ S, ~08º 15´ W, ~50 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1981-2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	13.3	15.2	18.4	20.0	19.4	18.7	19.1	20.0	19.0	18.0	19.6	14.1	17.9

Table 7.5.4.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Neumayer Station (~70º 40´ S, ~08º 15´ W, ~50 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1981-1990 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	991.5	988.3	985.4	984.6	988.6	988.7	984.3	985.9	983.4	982.6	981.5	987.4	986.0

Table 7.5.4.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Neumayer Station (~70º 40´ S, ~08º 15´ W, ~50 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1981–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-4.1	-8.1	-12.7	-17.8	-20.6	-22.5	-24.1	-24.9	-22.9	-18.3	-10.0	-4.8	-15.9

Figure 7.5.4.4.1 Frequency distribution of

wind speed v/s wind direction at Neumayer

Station in percent of all observations with a

wind speed exceeding 2.5 kt (1.3 m s^–1). The

class widths are 5 kt (2.6 m s^–1) and 20°, respectively.

Neumayer Station cont. (see Section 7.5.4)

Figure 7.5.4.4.4 Mean–monthly maximum and minimum temperature for Neumayer Station (~70º 40´ S, ~08º 15´ W, ~50 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land. (Based on 1994 data.)

SANAE (see Section 7.5.5)

Table 7.5.5.4.1 Mean wind speed (kt) for given wind directions at SANAE III (~70º 18´ S, ~02º 21´ W, ~62 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1960–83.)

Direction/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
N	6.9	9.4	8.1	15	11	9.8	12	13	13	10.9	9.4	6.3	10.4
NNE	8	8.5	10.2	23.3	12.6	11.1	19.4	12.8	11.5	10.2	12	9.4	12.4
NE	14.3	18.3	15.9	23.9	22.2	26.1	20.7	20.6	25.2	23.5	16.7	15.9	20.3
ENE	16.7	25.4	20.4	29.6	29.4	16.5	25	28	24.1	25.9	22.2	20.6	23.6
E	17.8	19.8	25	25.2	29.6	28.5	25.4	28.5	27	27	21.9	19.6	24.6
ESE	11.7	15.7	19.6	20.9	21.3	21.5	22.4	19.1	19.1	19.1	22.4	18	19.2
SE	10.7	13.3	15.9	16.7	18.3	14.6	14.4	15.6	14.6	15.4	14.6	12.4	14.7
SSE	9.3	9.8	13.9	13.9	15	12.4	12.6	12.4	12.6	11.3	10.6	9.4	11.9
S	8.5	9.6	12.6	12.6	11.9	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.5	10.4	11.1	8	10.9
SSW	8	8.7	12.2	11.1	11.1	25.6	11.3	15.2	12.6	12.2	9.8	7.8	12.1
SW	8.3	8.9	12	11.1	11.1	25.6	11.3	15.2	12.6	12.2	9.8	7.8	12.2
WSW	9.3	12.8	14.4	10	12.6	22.8	15.4	14.4	12	12.8	11.9	7.8	13.0
W	9.8	13.5	14.8	10.6	12.4	13.1	13.7	13.1	12.6	12.2	11.5	10.9	12.3
WNW	8.7	10.4	10	12.8	12.8	12.8	15.2	11.7	13.3	13.3	10	9.1	11.7
NW	7.6	7.8	13.1	11.3	12.2	15.4	11.3	11.3	12	11.7	8.9	7.8	10.9
NNW	6.1	6.5	4.6	8.7	12.6	14.8	10.2	9.1	11.1	8.5	9.4	7.8	9.1
Year	10.1	12.4	13.9	16.0	16.0	17.6	15.7	15.7	15.3	14.8	13.3	11.2	14.3

SANAE cont. (see Section 7.5.5)

Table 7.5.5.4.2 Mean wind direction frequency (%) and calms for at SANAE III (~70º 18´ S, ~02º 21´ W, ~62 m AMSL), Dronning Maud

Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1960–83.)

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
N	0.9	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.7	0.2	1.2	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.5
NNE	0.9	0.4	0.4	1.6	0.9	0.3	1.1	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.7
NE	4.3	1.3	2	3.2	3.7	2.5	3.8	1.2	2.4	2.2	2.5	3.8	2.7
ENE	8.3	6.7	6	8.9	9.4	9.3	6.2	5.2	6.5	6.7	6	8.6	7.3
E	20.1	20.5	19.2	12.4	18.3	14.2	11.9	13	15.4	16.1	16.7	21.3	16.6
ESE	10.7	16.3	15.5	13.2	14.5	15.3	15.6	13.2	15.6	16.2	18	17.2	15.1
SE	10.8	16.3	19.1	16.7	15.5	13.9	15.3	18.6	15.3	14.4	16.5	11	15.3
SSE	5.8	9.1	12.5	12	10.7	10.2	12.3	12.7	9.8	10	9.5	7	10.1
S	5.5	8.5	8.3	10.8	8.5	9.2	11	11.2	9.8	9.8	7.2	5.2	8.8
SSW	3.7	4.3	4.6	6.1	5.1	5	4.4	5.3	5.2	4.8	4.2	4.1	4.7
SW	2.7	2.5	2.9	3.9	1.6	2.7	1.9	3.7	3.2	3.3	2.7	2.4	2.8
WSW	1.9	1.7	1.1	1.6	1.4	1.8	1.4	2.7	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7
W	4.3	2.3	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.1	2	2.8	2.7	2.3	1.8	2.4	2.2
WNW	3.1	1.5	0.8	0.9	1.3	1.6	1.7	1.5	2.1	1.8	1.8	2	1.7
NW	1.9	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.7	1.1	0.7	0.7	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.1	1
NNW	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.4
Calms (%)	14.5	7.6	4.7	5.9	6	11.2	9.2	7.1	7.7	8.2	8.1	10.6	8.4

Table 7.5.5.4.3 Temperature statistics for SANAE III (~70º 18´ S, ~02º 21´ W, ~62 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1960–83.)

Element/Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Mean (ºC)

–3.6

–8.7

–13.0

–18.9

–21.2

–23.5

–27.7

–27.6

–25.0

–18.7

–10.7

–4.6

–16.9

Mean Max. (ºC)

–0.5

–4.9

–9.3

–14.5

–16.7

–18.8

–22.6

–22.7

–20.4

–14.4

–6.7

–1.2

–12.7

Mean Min. (ºC)

–7.9

–13.9

–17.5

–24.0

–25.7

–28.3

–32.8

–32.4

–30.5

–24.3

–16.4

–9.2

–21.9

Record Max. (ºC)

7.3

3.7

–0.1

3.6

–1.2

–5.5

–3.8

–1.9

–1.3

3.1

Record Min. (ºC)

–19.9

–29.3

–35.5

–42.8

–51.0

–47.9

–50.0

–48.3

–41.7

–33.0

–21.2

Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri (see Section 7.5.7)

Table 7.5.7.4.1 Percentage of overcast/sky clear/sky obscured conditions at Maitri Station (~70º 45´ 52″ S, ~11º 44´ 03″ E, ~117 m AMSL),

Dronning Maud Land, for the years 1993 and 1997

% occurrence in 1993 % occurrence in 1997
	Annual	"Winter"	Annual	"Winter"
		(Mar–Aug)		(Mar–Aug)
Clear sky	30	26	30	28
Obscured sky	5	–	15	7
Overcast sky	45	39	25	25


Figure 7.5.7.4.1 Mean–monthly pressure recorded at Maitri Station (~70º 45´ 52″ S, ~11º 44´ 03″ E, ~117 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land, for the period 1990–97.	Figure 7.5.7.4.2 Mean–monthly wind speed at Maitri Station (~70º 45´ 52″ S, ~11º 44´ 03″ E, ~117 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land, for the period 1990–97.

Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri cont. (see Section 7.5.7)

Figure 7.5.7.4.3 Mean–monthly days of blizzard at Maitri Station (~70º 45´ 52″ S, ~11º 44´ 03″ E, ~117 m AMSL) Dronning Maud Land, for the period 1990–97.

Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri cont. (see Section 7.5.7)

Figure 7.5.7.4.4 Wind rose for Maitri Station (~70º 45´ 52″ S, ~11º 44´ 03″ E, ~117 m AMSL), Dronning

Maud Land. (Based on 1992 data.)

Novolazarevskaya Station (see Section 7.5.8)

Table 7.5.8.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Novolazarevskaya Station (~70º 46´ S, ~11º 50´ E, ~102 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1988–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	7.2	10.1	10.6	10.9	11.3	11.7	11.4	9.8	9.7	9.8	9.5	7.2	9.9

Table 7.5.8.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Novolazarevskaya Station (~70º 46´ S, ~11º 50´ E, ~102 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1988–90 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	984.2	982.3	986.3	988.0	984.8	989.4	981.1	983.0	990.4	987.7	987.6	992.1	986.4

Table 7.5.8.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Novolazarevskaya Station (~70º 46´ S, ~11º 50´ E, ~102 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1961–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-0.5	-3.4	-7.8	-11.9	-13.4	-15.2	-17.2	-18.2	-17.0	-12.6	-5.9	-1.0	-10.3

Inland of Syowa (Asuka, Mizuho, Dome Fuji) (see Section 7.5.9)

Table 7.5.9.4.1 Climate statistics for Asuka Station (~71^o 32´ S, ~24^o 08´ E, ~930 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1987–1991.)

Parameter/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean temperatures (º C)	–8.3	–11.9	–16.1	–20.6	–23.7	–22.3	–23.3	–25.6	–25.7	–20.2	–14.0	–8.5	–18.3
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	0.5	0.0	–1.7	–8.8	–7.0	–7.8	–9.2	–12.9	–12.3	–6.6	–2.8	0.3	0.5
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	–18.8	–24.4	–33.8	–38.1	–42.9	–44.6	–42.0	–48.7	–45.7	–37.0	–32.9	–19.0	–48.7
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	4.5	5.1	4.5	3.9	4.1	4.2	4.1	4.0	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.4	4.1
Global radiation (mJ m^–2)	29.7	19.1	9.1	2.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.1	6.3	16.3	28.2	34.8	12.2
Mean wind speed (m s^–1)	10.8	13.4	13.7	12.1	11.4	13.9	14.4	13.7	12.9	12.7	12.5	9.4	12.6
Maximum wind gust – Dir–Speed (m s^–1)	ESE 27.8	ESE 32.0	ESE 30.9	ESE 27.2	SE 29.9	ESE 34.3	E 29.1	ESE 30.8	SE 30.5	SE 33.0	E 26.5	ESE 23.8	ESE 34.3
Mean station level pressure (hPa)	876.2	872.5	871.3	873.1	872.2	874.1	869.1	865.5	868.3	868.1	871.2	875.8	871.5

Inland of Syowa (Asuka, Mizuho, Dome Fuji) cont. (see Section 7.5.9)

Table 7.5.9.4.2 Climate statistics for Dome Fuji Station (~77^o 19´ S, ~39^o 42´ E, ~3,810 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1995–1997.)

Parameter/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean temperatures (º C)	–35.4	–43.8	–56.4	–60.9	–66.5	–64.0	–61.2	–65.5	–63.6	–57.2	–43.8	–33.0	–54.3
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	–18.6	–18.9	–37.4	–36.9	–49.4	–29.2	–38.2	–41.5	–44.1	–38.4	–25.0	–21.1	–18.6
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	–48.9	–60.9	–67.9	–75.0	–79.7	–79.6	–79.7	–79.6	–78.3	–72.3	–64.8	–47.2	–79.7
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	3.6	2.9	2.0	2.6	2.0	1.8	3.2	2.2	2.6	2.3	2.7	3.7	2.6
Global radiation (mJ m^–2)	35.3	22.1	9.7	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	5.1	17.3	32.2	39.1	13.5
Mean wind speed (m s^–1)	4.4	5.0	5.6	6.5	6.0	6.2	6.6	6.5	6.1	5.9	5.6	4.8	5.8
Maximum wind gust – Dir–Speed (m s^–1)	NE 11.1	NE 11.3	ESE 9.4	WSW 12.0	S 11.8	N 16.5	NE 18.4	E 13.0	NE 13.5	NE 14.5	NE 13.5	NE 13.3	NE 18.4
Mean station level pressure (hPa)	607.0	605.7	596.8	596.2	592.4	597.1	596.1	593.8	591.7	593.3	606.1	608.0	598.7

Table 7.5.9.4.3 Climate statistics for Mizuho Station (~70^o 42´ S, ~44^o 20´ E, ~2,230 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1972–1986.)

Parameter/Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Mean temperatures (º C)

–18.1

–24.0

–31.3

–36.9

–38.6

–40.3

–40.1

–40.6

–38.8

–35.2

–25.6

–18.2

–32.3

Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)

–2.7

–9.6

–14.4

–18.2

–16.2

–21.2

–16.9

–18.0

–19.4

–17.1

–6.8

–4.2

–2.7

Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)

–33.5

–39.9

–48.4

–52.8

–55.0

–58.1

–61.9

–58.4

–57.7

–53.6

–45.9

–36.0

–61.9

Mean cloud amount (oktas)

3.0

3.9

4.5

4.1

3.2

3.8

3.1

3.7

3.6

3.8

4.1

3.8

Mean wind speed (m s^–1)

8.9

9.5

10.7

12.1

12.9

12.0

12.5

12.4

12.1

10.7

9.7

8.8

11.0

Maximum wind gust –

Dir–Speed (m s^–1)

24.8

23.3

24.3

23.8

25.9

26.6

ENE

26.0

ESE

28.0

24.0

ENE

24.5

ESE

28.0

Mean station level pressure (hPa)

741.9

737.9

733.8

732.3

733.0

731.2

728.2

727.9

723.8

725.7

733.5

741.8

732.5

Syowa (see Section 7.5.10)

Table 7.5.10.4.1 Climate statistics for Syowa Station (~69º 00' S, ~39º 35' E, ~21 m AMSL), Dronning Maud Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1961–90 (means) and 1957-1997 (extremes).)

Parameter/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean temperatures (º C)	–0.6	–3.1	–6.3	–9.9	–13.3	–15.8	–17.8	–19.7	–17.9	–13.4	–6.4	–1.5	–10.4
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	10.0	8.0	3.6	0.4	2.8	–0.7	–2.5	–2.8	–3.0	–0.6	5.5	9.4	10.0
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	–12.6	–18.2	–24.7	–35.9	–38.5	–38.3	–42.7	–42.2	–45.3	–34.7	–23.9	–12.3	–45.3
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	4.7	5.8	6.2	6.0	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.2	5.0	5.4	5.3	4.6	5.4
Mean wind speed (m s^–1)	3.9	6.1	7.9	8.7	7.8	6.7	6.7	6.0	6.0	6.2	6.2	4.5	6.4
Maximum wind gust – Dir–Speed (m s^–1)	NE 38.3	NE 41.6	NE 36.3	ENE 41.2	ENE 47.2	ENE 42.7	NE 40.0	ENE 43.5	ENE 44.6	NE 37.3	NE 37.8	NE 38.9	NE 47.2
Mean MSLP (hPa)	991.4	998.4	985.8	986.1	989.1	989.3	986.1	984.5	982.7	983.0	985.6	989.8	986.8

Molodezhnaya Station (see Section 7.6.1)

Table 7.6.1.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Molodezhnaya Station (~67º 40´ S, ~45º 50´ E, ~42 m AMSL), Enderby Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1988–99 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	6.4	9.1	13.4	14.8	14.5	14.1	12.6	11.4	10.3	9.0	8.2	6.7	10.9

Table 7.6.1.4.2 Mean–monthly temperature at Molodezhnaya Station (~67º 40´ S, ~45º 50´ E, ~42 m AMSL), Enderby Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1981–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-0.7	-4.0	-8.3	-11.7	-14.6	-16.1	-17.7	-19.0	-17.8	-13.6	-6.7	-1.6	-11.0

Mount King (see Section 7.6.2)

Table 7.6.2.4.1 Summary of Mount King's ((67º 06´ S, 52º 30´ E, 112.5 m AMSL), Enderby Land) weather during the 1975–76, 1976–77,

1977–78 and 1979–80 summers.

Meteorological element/periods	26/12/75 to 09/02/76	27/12/76 to 12/02/77	25/12/77 to 15/02/78	29/11/79 to 01/03/80
Mean maximum temperature (ºC)	–6.7	–6.4	–7.8	N/A
Mean minimum temperature (ºC)	–14.3	N/A	–15.6	N/A
Highest maximum temperature (0 C)	–3.3 (29 Dec)	–3.3 (06 Jan)	–0.8 (08 Jan)	–1.0 (13 Jan)
Lowest minimum temperature (ºC)	–21.4 (08 Feb)	–22.5 (11 Feb)	–23.2 (03 Feb)	–28.1 (13 Feb)
Maximum wind gust (approx) (m s^–1)	N/A	33	33	38
Mean wind direction	E	E	E	N/A
Number of days of strong wind	20	19	20	N/A
Number of days of gales	6	5	7	N/A
Number of days of slight drift snow	16	23	17	N/A
Number of days of moderate drift snow	10	1	6	N/A
Number of days of blizzard	3	5	6	17 (9 in Jan)
Number of days of falling snow	8	14	14	N/A
Number of days of fog	N/A	3	8	N/A
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	N/A	4	5	N/A
Number of days of white–out	20	24	30	N/A

Mawson Station (see Section 7.7.1)

Table 7.7.1.4.1 Climate statistics for Mawson (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1954–March 2002 (except humidity data 1980-March 2002.)

Element/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum temperatures (ºC)	2.6	-1.4	-7.2	-11.8	-13.7	-13.6	-15.0	-15.6	-14.5	-10.0	-2.6	2.1	-8.4
Highest daily maximum temp. (ºC)	10.6	8.0	4.0	0.0	-1.8	0.7	5.0	6.7	-0.6	0.3	6.1	9.3	10.6
Mean daily minimum temperatures (ºC)	-2.6	-7.3	-13.3	-17.3	-19.3	-19.5	-20.8	-21.7	-20.7	-16.4	-8.8	-3.2	-14.2
Lowest daily minimum temp. (ºC)	-10.0	-17.3	-25.4	-33.3	-34.4	-34.0	-36.0	-35.9	-35.8	-29.0	-20.0	-10.5	-36.0
Mean of 9am & 3pm rel. humidities (%)	55.5	51.4	48.2	50.1	50.4	50.0	50.1	48.9	46.6	45.8	49.4	55.9	50.2
Mean 9am cloud amount (oktas)	5.1	4.8	4.8	4.5	3.8	3.6	3.8	4.2	4.5	4.6	4.9	5.1	4.5
Mean 3pm cloud amount (oktas)	5.1	5.0	5.0	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.9	4.7	4.9	4.7	4.9	5.1	4.9
Mean no. of clear days	7.0	7.1	7.7	8.6	10.9	10.4	10.0	9.4	8.4	9.4	7.6	7.1	103.6
Max. wind gust (m s^–1 )	55.1	54.1	51.5	64.9	57.7	61.3	61.3	69.0	61.8	56.6	56.6	53.0	58.6
Mean no. days with strong winds	24.6	25.9	28.7	26.6	27.3	26.5	27.4	28.1	26.9	27.5	27.2	24.2	320.9
Mean no. days with gales	8.2	10.2	13.2	12.5	14.3	15.1	15.3	15.6	14.5	13.0	12.4	8.8	153.1
Mean of 9am & 3 pm MSL Pressure (hPa)	989.5	989.5	988.5	990.1	991.6	992.3	989.0	986.7	985.0	983.9	986.3	988.9	988.4

Mawson Station cont. (see Section 7.7.1)

Table 7.7.1.4.2 Percentage occurrence of weather adverse to aviation at Mawson (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land.

(Data are based on synoptic observations taken during the period 1969–97. (% to the nearest integer) (*The first row ("combined") refers to observations in which one or more of the following occurred: the cross–wind component (normal to 130º) was 7.7 m s^–1 (~15 kt), or more; 5 oktas or more of cloud was present below 460 m (~1500 ft) (taken to be the low cloud height at which aircraft might seek an alternate landing site); visibility was below 8000 m (taken to be the visibility threshold at which aircraft might seek an alternate landing site); adverse weather such as mist, fog, falling snow or blowing snow was present; or there was potential for white–out in at least one sector–assumed to exist when there was at least 4 oktas of total cloud cover. **The second row is the same as the first except only the cross–wind; low cloud; and visibility criteria were used.)

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
*Percentage occurrence of combined adverse conditions for all elements	68	62	62	60	55	57	62	62	62	62	63	66	62
**Percentage occurrence of combined adverse conditions for cross–wind, low cloud and/or visibility	7	7	11	13	12	14	17	17	13	11	9	6	11

Table 7.7.1.4.3 The percentage frequency of occasions when the wind normal (ie. the cross–wind) to the 130 º mean–wind direction at Mawson Station (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land, equalled or exceeded 7.7 m s^–1 (~15 kt) during the period 1969–97 (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
4	4	5	6	6	7	7	8	6	5	4	3	5

Table 7.7.1.4.4 The percentage of occasions when low cloud at Mawson Station (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land, had heights <= 460 m (1500 ft) and amounts >= 5 okta during the period 1969–97 (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0

Table 7.7.1.4.5 The percentage frequency of occasions when the visibility at Mawson Station (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land, was <= 8000m during the period 1969–97 (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
4	7	9	12	12	13	17	19	15	12	9	4	11

Mawson Station cont. (see Section 7.7.1)

Table 7.7.1.4.6 The percentage frequency of occasions when the weather at Mawson Station (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m AMSL),

Mac. Robertson Land, during the period 1969–97 was of a type considered to be adverse, for example: mist, fog, falling snow; and blowing snow

(% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
7	11	16	23	23	24	30	34	28	20	15	8	20

Table 7.7.1.4.7 The percentage frequency of occasions when there was potential for white–out at Mawson Station (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E, 16 m

AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land during the period 1969–97 based on there being a total cloud cover of >= 4 oktas (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
66	59	57	52	45	47	51	52	54	57	60	65	56

(Mawson Station wind rose follows this table.)

Prince Charles Mountains (including Soyuz Base) (see Section 7.7.2)

Table 7.7.2.4.1 Average temperatures for the month of January reported by two field parties in the Prince Charles Mountains during the

summer of 1998.

	Mawson Escarpment	Mt Menzies
Average temperature (all observations) (ºC)	–3	–15.7
Average Maximum (ºC)	3.2	–5.7
Standard Deviation (ºC)	3.9	3.2
Average Minimum (ºC)	–6	–19.9
Standard Deviation (ºC)	2.7	2.4
Highest maximum (ºC)	12.0	–0.8
Lowest minimum (ºC)	–12.0	–23.4

Mawson Station cont. (see Section 7.7.1)

Figure 7.7.1.4.1 Seasonal wind roses for Mawson Station (67° 36´ S, 62° 53´ E,

16 m AMSL), Mac. Robertson Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1969–97.)

Law Base (see Section 7.8.1)

Table 7.8.1.4.1 Limited climate statistics for Law Base (69º 25´ S, 76º 30´ E, 77 m), Princess Elizabeth Land for the periods 19 January to 26

February 1987 and 9 January to 12 February 1988.

Element/Month	Jan 87	Feb 87	Jan 88	Feb 88
Mean daily temperatures (º C)	–0.1	–3.0	1.0	–3.1
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	9.0	4.7	7.5	2.7
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	–5.2	–9.0	–5.2	–6.6
Mean dew–point temperature (ºC)	–10.8	–10.7	–13.4	–9.3
Mean MSL level pressure (hPa)	996	988	996	988

Table 7.8.1.4.2 Percentage wind frequency table for Law Base (69º 25´ S, 76º 30´ E, 77 m), Princess Elizabeth Land for the period 19 January

to 26 February 1987.

Direction Speed (m s^–1 )/( kt))	WSW	SW	SSW	S	SSE	SE	ESE	E	ENE	NE	NNE	N	NNW	NW	WNW	W
0–2.5 (0–5)	0	3	1	3	0	4	4	6	11	20	8	2	1	1	0	1
2.6–5 (6–10)	0	1	0	1	2	2	2	6	13	31	6	1	2	1	2	0
5.7–7.3 (11–15)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	20	13	2	0	0	0	0	0
8.2–10.3 (16–20)	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	5	37	4	3	0	0	0	0	0
>10.3 (>20)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	13	2	0	0	0	0	0	0

Zhongshan Station (see Section 7.8.3)

Table 7.8.3.4.1 Annual weather/climate characteristics at Zhongshan Station (69º 22´ S, 76º 22´ E, 15 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1989–95.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily temperatures (º C)	0.4	–2.7	–8.3	–12.4	–16.0	–14.4	–15.0	–15.6	–16.3	–11.6	–5.7	–0.2	–9.8
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	8.1	7.4	2.3	4.8	1.9	1.2	2.2	0.9	0.9	1.7	5.1	9.6	9.6
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	–6.8	–10.6	21.9	–29.4	–35.0	–36.3	–36.7	–39.0	–34.2	–28.3	–19.5	–11.5	–39.0
Mean relative humidity (%)	61	56	56	49	57	58	56	53	52	54	56	53	55
Mean cloud amount (oktas)	5.0	5.0	5.5	4.9	4.6	4.8	4.4	5.0	4.6	4.9	5.2	4.5	4.9
Mean wind direction	E	E	E	ESE	ESE	ESE	E	ESE	ESE	ESE	ESE	ESE	ESE
Mean wind speed (m s^–1 )	5.3	7.1	7.7	8.0	6.9	8.0	7.9	8.4	7.8	7.4	6.4	5.9	7.2
Maximum wind gust – (m s^–1)	33.0	33.8	44.1	46.2	46.0	48.1	47.2	36.6	47.5	48.3	35.6	38.6	48.3
No. days of gales	9	13	14	14	11	17	18	18	15	16	13	13	171
Mean MSL pressure (hPa)	987.9	985.4	985.1	988.0	987.5	989.9	987.6	981.4	980.0	981.4	985.4	985.1	985.6

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)


Figure 7.8.3.4.1 Percentage frequency of snowdays (solid line (a)) and percentage frequency of sunny days (dashed line (b)) based on long term data from Zhongshan Station (69º 22´ S, 76º 22´ E, 15 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land. .	Figure 7.8.3.4.2 Annual variation of monthly mean pressure at Zhongshan (solid line) and annual variation of the monthly mean pressure of the Antarctic circumpolar trough between 70 and 80º E (dashed line – derived from Antarctic sea–level gridded data compiled by the National Meteorological Office of China.)

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)


Figure 7.8.3.4.3 Left panel: daily variation of wind speed (m s^–1) against local standard time (hr) at Zhongshan for January (1); April (4); July (7);and October (10), taken from daily records between 1989–96. Right panel: Similar data for Mawson for January (1) and July (7).

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)

Figure 7.8.3.4.4 Percentage frequency of wind speed (m s^–1)for Zhongshan Station (69º 22´ S, 76º 22´ E, 15 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land, for: (a) annual average; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter; (e) spring.

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)

Figure 7.8.3.4.5 (a) Percentage frequency of calms and (b) strong winds–gales at Zhongshan Station (69º 22´ S, 76º 22´ E, 15 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land, on a monthly (1=January, 12=December) versus local time (hr).

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)

Figure 7.8.3.4.6 Percentage frequency of wind direction for Zhongshan Station (69º 22´ S, 76º 22´ E, 15 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land, for:(a) annual average; (b) summer; (c) autumn; (d) winter; (e) spring.

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)

Figure 7.8.3.4.7 A sketch showing a typical pattern in which a frontal cloud band brings gales to Zhongshan (Z) Station (69º 22´ S, 76º 22´ E, 15 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land.

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)

Figure 7.8.3.4.8 Monthly mean temperature for Zhongshan (circles); Davis (squares) and Mawson (triangles) for the period 1989–95.

Zhongshan Station cont. (see Section 7.8.3)


Figure 7.8.3.4.9 Annual variation of the mean northern latitude limit of Antarctic sea ice between 70–80º E: (a) northern limit of maximum growth; (b) average northern limit; (c) northern limit of minimum growth.	Figure 7.8.3.4.10 Annual variation of sea ice thickness around Zhongshan.

Davis Station (see Section 7.8.4)

Table 7.8.4.4.1 Climate statistics for Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land.

(Compiled from data spanning the period 1957–2002 (except humidity data from 1980-2002.)

Element/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum temperatures (º C)	3.0	-0.4	-5.8	-10.4	-12.8	-12.4	-14.3	-14.1	-13.2	-9.2	-2.5	2.3	-7.5
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	13.0	10.0	4.1	4.2	2.0	2.0	0.8	1.0	0.3	0.6	8.0	11.0	13.0
Mean daily minimum temperatures (º C)	-1.2	-4.6	-11	-16.1	-19.1	-18.7	-20.5	-20.5	-20.1	-15.4	-7.7	-2.2	-13.1
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	-8.3	-15.0	-26.7	-41.8	-38.3	-40.1	-39.0	-38.4	-36.2	-31.0	-22.4	-10.0	-41.8
Mean of 9am & 3pm rel. humidities (%)	55.0	53.5	59.5	62.5	64.0	64.0	64.0	64.0	61.5	60.5	56.0	57.0	60.1
Mean 9am cloud amount (oktas)	5.2	5.7	6.1	5.7	5.4	5.0	5.0	5.4	5.3	5.8	5.4	5.2	5.4
Mean 3pm cloud amount (oktas)	5.1	5.5	6.0	5.9	5.7	5.6	5.4	5.6	5.3	5.6	5.3	5.2	5.5
Mean no. of clear days	6.2	4.6	3.9	4.5	6.2	6.6	7.2	6	6.5	5.1	5.8	6.8	69.4
Max. wind gust (m s^–1 )	45.3	52.5	45.3	57.1	52	51.5	54.1	55.1	48.9	49.4	46.8	46.8	50.4
Mean no. days with strong winds	5.9	6	7	6.4	6.1	7.4	7.4	7.3	6	7.9	9.4	7.6	84.4
Mean no. days with gales	1.2	1.6	2.4	2.7	2.7	3.2	3.7	3.7	3	3.2	3.2	2	32.6
Mean of 9am & 3 pm MSL Pressure (hPa)	989.9	988.2	986.4	988.1	989.1	990.9	987.1	984.7	983.6	982.6	985.9	988.9	987.0

Davis Station cont. (see Section 7.8.4)

Table 7.8.4.4.2 Percentage occurrence of weather adverse to aviation at Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land.

(Data are based on synoptic observations taken during the period 1969–97. (% to the nearest integer). (*The first row ("combined") refers to observations in which one or more of the following occurred: the cross–wind component (normal to 130º) was 7.7 m s^–1 (~15 kt), or more; 5 oktas or more of cloud was present below 460 m (~1500 ft) (taken to be the low cloud height at which aircraft might seek an alternate landing site); visibility was below 8000 m (taken to be the visibility threshold at which aircraft might seek an alternate landing site); adverse weather such as mist, fog, falling snow or blowing snow was present; or there was potential for white–out in at least one sector–assumed to exist when there was at least 4 oktas of total cloud cover. **The second row is the same as the first except only the cross–wind; low cloud; and visibility criteria were used.)

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
*Percentage occurrence of combined adverse conditions for all elements	66	70	74	70	67	65	62	64	66	71	68	64	67
**Percentage occurrence of combined adverse conditions for cross–wind, low cloud and/or visibility	4	7	14	14	14	13	14	13	13	11	7	4	11

Table 7.8.4.4.3 The percentage frequency of occasions when the wind normal to the 050 º mean wind direction (ie. the cross–wind) at Davis

Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land, equalled or exceeded 7.7 m s^–1 (~15 kt) during the period 1969–97. (% to the

nearest integer)

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
0	0	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	1	1	0	1

Table 7.8.4.4.4 The percentage of occasions when low cloud at Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth Land, had

heights <= 460 m (1500 ft) and amounts >= 5 okta during the period 1969–97. (% to the nearest integer)

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
1	2	4	3	4	3	3	3	2	2	1	2	2

Davis Station cont. (see Section 7.8.4)

Table 7.8.4.4.5 The percentage frequency of occasions when the visibility at Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth

Land was <= 8000m during the period 1969–97. (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
3	7	13	14	13	12	13	14	13	11	6	3	10

Table 7.8.4.4.6 The percentage frequency of occasions when the weather at Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL), Princess Elizabeth

Land, during the period 1969–97 was of a type considered to be adverse, for example: mist, fog, falling snow; and blowing snow. (% to the

nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
6	12	23	24	26	22	23	23	22	20	11	7	18

Table 7.8.4.4.7 The percentage frequency of occasions when there was potential for white–out at Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL),

Princess Elizabeth Land, during the period 1969–97 based on there being a total cloud cover of >= 4 oktas. (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
65	70	73	69	66	63	60	62	64	71	68	65	66

Davis Station cont. (see Section 7.8.4)

Figure 7.8.4.4.1 Seasonal wind roses for Davis Station (68.6º S, 78.0º E, 22 m AMSL),

Princess Elizabeth Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1969–97.)

Mirny Station (see Section 7.9.1)

Table 7.9.1.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Mirny Station (~66º 33´ S, ~93º 01´ E, ~35 m AMSL), Queen Mary Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1956–62 and 1988–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	8.1	9.8	12.0	13.3	13.7	14.2	13.5	13.2	12.5	10.9	10.0	8.6	11.6

Table 7.9.1.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Mirny Station (~66º 33´ S, ~93º 01´ E, ~35 m AMSL), Queen Mary Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1956–68 and 1992–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	984.1	983.6	981.0	981.3	983.3	986.2	981.5	978.8	977.0	976.7	980.7	982.9	981.4

Table 7.9.1.4.3 Mean–monthly MSLP at Mirny Station (~66º 33´ S, ~93º 01´ E, ~35 m AMSL), Queen Mary Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1956–59 and 1988–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	988.5	986.4	985.3	985.9	987.0	990.6	985.0	982.4	982.3	981.8	985.3	986.6	985.6

Table 7.9.1.4.4 Mean–monthly temperature at Mirny Station (~66º 33´ S, ~93º 01´ E, ~35 m AMSL), Queen Mary Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1956–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-1.9	-5.3	-10.1	-13.9	-15.7	-15.3	-16.5	-17.1	-16.9	-13.5	-7.3	-2.6	-11.3

Edgworth David (Bunger Hills) (see Section 7.9.2)

Table 7.9.2.4.1 Edgeworth David observations, for the period 24 January to 3 March 1986.

	Max daily speed (m s^–1)	Min daily speed (m s^–1)	Max T (ºC)	Min T (ºC)	Ave T (ºC)	Ave Pressure (hPa)
Max	25.8	12.9	10.5	4.6	7.1	1008.5
Min	1.0	0	–2.2	–7.1	–4.4	976.4
Average	9.9	1.8	3.7	–0.3	1.9	990.0

Table 7.9.2.4.2 Oasis observations, for the period 1 January to 31 March 1958.

	Max daily speed (m s^–1)	Min daily speed (m s^–1)	Max T (ºC)	Min T (ºC)	Ave T (ºC)	Ave Pressure (hPa)
Max	17.5	14.4	9	3	5.5	1016.3
Min	1.0	0	–10	–15	–12.8	969.2
Average	3.9	0.9	–0.6	–4.6	–2.5	997.8

Casey Station (see Section 7.10.1)

Table 7.10.1.4.1 Climate statistics for Casey Station (66.28º S, 110.52º E, 42 m AMSL), Wilkes Land. (Compiled from data spanning the period 1989–2002.

These data are from the latest Casey site: other data may be obtained from the older "Tunnel" site and from the nearby Wilkes site.)

Element/Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum temperatures (º C)	2.0	-0.1	-4.4	-8.3	-12.0	-10.4	-10.4	-10.1	-10.0	-8.3	-2.5	1.4	-6.1
Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)	9.2	6.6	3.6	3.0	3.4	4.2	1.1	1.3	3.9	0.8	4.9	7.4	9.2
Mean daily minimum temperatures (º C)	-2.6	-5.1	-10.3	-15.7	-19.6	-18.1	-18.7	-17.8	-17.4	-15.2	-8.9	-3.8	-12.8
Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)	-8.9	-15.8	-22.3	-31.3	-34.4	-34.1	-33.2	-32.9	-30.7	-31.2	-23.4	-13.0	-34.4
Mean of 9am & 3pm rel. humidities (%)	70.8	70.9	73.9	74.1	73.4	74.4	73.7	73.5	71.7	70.6	68.7	69.4	72.1
Mean 9am cloud amount (oktas)	6.0	5.8	6.0	5.9	5.7	5.9	5.4	5.5	5.8	5.8	5.4	5.6	5.7
Mean 3pm cloud amount (oktas)	5.8	5.8	6.2	5.7	5.6	5.4	5.3	6.0	5.7	5.8	5.4	5.5	5.7
Mean no. of clear days	3.8	3.9	2.9	3.8	4.1	3.8	5.3	4.2	4.1	3.6	5.5	5.2	50.2
Max. wind gust (m s^–1 )	42.2	48.9	66.9	61.8	59.7	60.2	66.9	56.6	63.3	59.2	51.0	50.4	57.3
Mean no. days with strong winds	8.8	9.4	10.8	14.0	13.2	14.1	16.2	16.5	15.8	11.4	12.6	11.2	154.0
Mean no. days with gales	6.2	6.5	6.0	9.7	8.2	10.3	12.3	12.8	11.3	8.2	8.1	6.5	106.1
Mean of 9am & 3 pm MSL Pressure (hPa)	986.9	985.6	982.8	984.0	983.5	989.2	984.9	980.8	980.2	979.7	985.4	986.4	984.1

Casey Station cont. (see Section 7.10.1)

Table 7.10.1.4.2 Percentage occurrence of weather adverse to aviation at Casey (From data based on synoptic observations taken during the period 1969–97. (% to

the nearest integer) (*The first row ("combined") refers to observations in which one or more of the following occurred: the cross–wind component (normal to 130º) was 7.7 m s^–1 (~15 kt), or

more; 5 oktas or more of cloud was present below 460 m (~1500 ft) (taken to be the low cloud height at which aircraft might seek an alternate landing site); visibility was below 8000 m (taken to

be the visibility threshold at which aircraft might seek an alternate landing site); adverse weather such as mist, fog, falling snow or blowing snow was present; or there was potential for white‑out

in at least one sector–assumed to exist when there was at least 4 oktas of total cloud cover. **The second row is the same as the first except only the cross–wind; low cloud; and visibility

criteria were used.)

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
*Percentage occurrence of combined adverse conditions for all elements	78	81	81	78	76	74	77	75	75	77	71	76	76
**Percentage occurrence of combined adverse conditions for cross–wind, low cloud and/or visibility	15	17	25	27	28	34	33	30	28	22	18	15	24

Table 7.10.1.4.3 Comparison of conditions for Casey Airstrip and Casey

(a) Mean temperature (°C).

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Casey Airstrip

–4.9

–8.1

–11.7

–14.0

–20.0

–13.9

–13.7

–16.9

–13.4

–13.1

–8.4

–5.1

–12.3

Casey

–2.1

–4.8

–8.1

–12.0

–18.7

–12.4

–11.4

–14.8

–11.0

–10.6

–5.4

–2.3

–10.0

No. obs

156

114

151

200

138

260

263

284

132

147

166

184

2195

(b) Mean wind speed (knots).

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Casey Airstrip	11.8	8.1	13.3	12.5	11.5	19.0	20.8	14.4	20.0	13.6	10.1	14.1	14.7
Casey	11.3	6.2	11.8	11.7	9.5	17.4	20.8	13.7	20.7	15.5	8.4	13.2	13.9
*No. obs*	159	116	154	202	139	257	263	284	126	150	165	188	2203

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Casey Airstrip	3	1	3	6	1	5	7	7	14	10	2	4	5
Casey	3	2	2	9	4	10	6	7	9	6	2	3	6
*No. obs*	156	114	150	199	137	257	243	252	123	145	160	185	2121

Casey Station cont. (see Section 7.10.1)

Table 7.10.1.4.4 Comparison of conditions for Lanyon Junction and Casey.

(a) Mean temperature (°C).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	–3.1	–7.1	–2.7	–4.4
Casey	0.7	–2.3	0.5	–0.4
No. obs	174	188	147	509

(b) Mean wind speed (kt).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	14.9	10.5	12.3	12.6
Casey	11.7	7.1	8.6	9.1
No. obs	134	133	147	414

(c) Percentage occurrence of cross–wind >= 15 kt (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	5	4	2	4
Casey	0	2	0	0
No. obs	134	133	147	414

(d) Percentage occurrence of low cloud >= 5/8 <=1500ft (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	14	11	6	10
Casey	6	2	3	3
No. obs	120	126	133	379

(e) Percentage occurrence of visibility <= 8000m (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	19	13	20	17
Casey	5	4	13	7
No. obs	127	126	140	393

Casey Station cont. (see Section 7.10.1)

Table 7.10.1.4.4 continued Comparison of conditions for Lanyon Junction and Casey (continued from previous page)

(f) Percentage occurrence of adverse weather type (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	36	27	35	33
Casey	6	11	26	15
No. obs	127	126	140	393

(g) Percentage occurrence of potential white–out, ie. total cloud >= 4/8 (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	73	75	73	74
Casey	76	81	79	79
No. obs	124	126	133	383

(h) Percentage occurrence of times when adverse criteria were met for at least one of cross–wind, low cloud, visibility, weather type or potential white–out (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	73	75	74	74
Casey	75	81	79	78
No. obs	120	126	133	379

(i) Percentage occurrence of times when adverse criteria were met for at least one of cross–wind, low cloud or visibility (to nearest integer).

	Jan	Feb	Dec	All
Lanyon Junction	26	21	20	22
Casey	7	6	11	8
No. obs	120	126	133	379

Casey Station cont. (see Section 7.10.1)

Table 7.10.1.4.5 The percentage frequency of occasions when the wind normal to the 090º mean wind direction (ie. the cross–wind) at Casey

equalled or exceeded 7.7 m s^–1 (~15 kt) during the period 1969–97. (% to the nearest integer)

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
3	4	6	8	7	9	8	8	9	5	4	2	6

Table 7.10.1.4.6 The percentage of occasions when low cloud at Casey had heights <= 460 m (1500 ft) and amounts >= 5 okta during the period

1969–97. (% to the nearest integer)

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
7	6	9	8	8	8	6	6	6	5	5	7	7

Table 7.10.1.4.7 The percentage frequency of occasions when the visibility at Casey was <= 8000m during the period 1969–97.(% to the nearest

integer)

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
9	11	17	21	23	31	30	29	25	19	13	8	20

Table 7.10.1.4.8 The percentage frequency of occasions when the weather at Casey during the period 1969–97 was of a type considered to be adverse, for example: mist, fog, falling snow; and blowing snow. (% to the nearest integer)

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
14	20	30	35	37	40	41	39	36	32	21	14	30

Table 7.10.1.4.9 The percentage frequency of occasions when there was potential for white–out at Casey during the period 1969–97 based on

there being a total cloud cover of >= 4 oktas. (% to the nearest integer).

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
75	77	76	70	68	66	71	68	69	72	69	75	71

Casey Station cont. (see Section 7.10.1)

Figure 7.10.1.4.1 Seasonal wind roses for Casey Station (66.28º S, 110.52º E, 42 m

AMSL), Wilkes Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1969–97.)

Vostok Station (see Section 7.10.2)

Table 7.10.2.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Vostok Station (~78º 28´ S, ~106º 48´ E, ~3,488 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1988–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Wind speed (m s^–1)	4.7	4.9	4.7	5.3	5.1	5.3	5.2	4.6	4.9	5.3	5.0	4.7	4.9

Table 7.10.2.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Vostok Station (~78º 28´ S, ~106º 48´ E, ~3,488 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1988–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	630.9	626.0	622.7	622.8	620.5	626.1	621.0	620.4	619.9	620.0	627.7	631.4	624.1

Table 7.10.2.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Vostok Station (~78º 28´ S, ~106º 48´ E, ~3,488 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1958–2000 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-32.2	-44.6	-58.2	-65.0	-66.0	-65.3	-67.2	-68.4	-66.4	-57.4	-42.9	-31.9	-55.4

Concordia (Dôme C) (see Section 7.10.3)

Table 7.10.3.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at the Dôme C AWS (~74º 30´ S, 123º 00´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1980–95 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

2.5

2.9

2.8

2.6

2.9

2.7

2.2

2.8

2.9

3.1

2.6

2.7

Wind direction

SSW

SSE

Table 7.10.3.4.2 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at the Dôme Concordia AWS (~75º 07´ S, 123º 22´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes

Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1996–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

2.8

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.2

3.1

3.5

3.7

3.8

2.9

3.3

Wind direction

SSW

Concordia (Dôme C) cont. (see Section 7.10.3)

Table 7.10.3.4.3 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at the Dôme C AWS (~74º 30´ S, 123º 00´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1980–95 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	652.9	649.2	644.6	643.0	641.6	644.7	643.0	640.2	637.9	638.9	645.0	651.4	644.4

Table 7.10.3.4.4 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at the Dôme Concordia AWS (~75º 07´ S, 123º 22´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1996–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	652.9	651.9	646.6	644.3	645.0	653.8	646.8	648.5	648.7	644.0	653.6	652.4	649.0

Table 7.10.3.4.5 Temperatures for various periods at Dôme C AWS (~74º 30´ S, 123º 00´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

Period of year	Mean for the period (ºC)	Highest recorded (ºC)	Lowest recorded (ºC)
February to April	–48.3	–13.1	–79.7
May–June	–57.9	–13.5	–82.2
August to October	–54.2	–17.6	–84.6
November to January	–29.8	–15.0	–67.4
Annual	–47.5	–13.1	–84.6

Table 7.10.3.4.6 Mean–monthly temperature at the Dôme C AWS (~74º 30´ S, 123º 00´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1980–95 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/ .)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-29.8	-40.5	-52.7	-60.2	-63.3	-61.0	-60.7	-62.0	-58.4	-51.0	-39.2	-30.9	-50.8

Table 7.10.3.4.7 Mean–monthly temperature at the Dôme Concordia AWS (~75º 07´ S, 123º 22´ E, ~3,250 m AMSL), Wilkes Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1996–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/ .)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-30.0	-40.8	-53.7	-60.8	-64.6	-62.1	-63.8	-62.3	-60.9	-51.4	-37.7	-28.6	-51.4

Dumont d'Urville (see Section 7.11.1)

Table 7.11.1.4.1 Mean and standard deviation by month of pressure, temperature, wind speed and day temperature range (DTR) at Dumont

d'Urville.

	Pressure (hPa)		Temperature (ºC)		Wind Speed (m s^–1)		D.T.R. (ºC)
Month	Mean	Std dev	Mean	Std dev	Mean	Std dev
January	991.2	8.6	–.7	2.2	8.2	5.8	3.7
February	988.8	8.7	–4.1	3.1	10.4	6.3	4.1
March	986.2	10.1	–8.7	3.8	10.9	6.8	4.1
April	987.6	10.6	–12.9	4.3	10.5	6.6	3.9
May	989.9	11.9	–15.2	5.2	10.0	7.0	4.0
June	992.5	12.0	–15.9	5.3	9.8	7.6	4.3
July	991.0	12.7	–16.2	5.8	9.4	7.2	4.5
August	987.9	13.1	–16.4	5.4	10.0	7.4	4.4
September	983.6	12.4	–15.5	5.2	10.4	7.8	4.4
October	982.9	10.5	–13.2	4.7	8.8	6.7	5.0
November	986.3	8. 9	–7.0	3.8	9.0	6.1	5.2
December	989.6	8. 5	–1.7	2.5	8.1	5.8	4.3

Table 7.11.1.4.2 Maximum and minimum by month of pressure, temperature and wind speed, and year of occurrence for Dumont d'Urville.

	Pressure (hPa)				Temperature (ºC)				Wind speed (m s^–1)
Month	Maximum	Year	Minimum	Year	Maximum	Year	Minimum	Year	Maximum	Year
January	1018.9	96	961.2	78	8.0	91	–9.9	86	34.1	69
February	1017.0	86	948.8	78	6.5	93	–15.9	95	37.0	87
March	1019.4	68	933.2	82	3.1	93	–23.3	94	40.8	67
April	1028.9	90	936.2	92	–0.3	68	–28.4	76	41.4	63
May	1033.0	77	940.8	69	1.7	68	–32.0	64	47.0	76
June	1030.2	64	948.8	71	0.2	83	–32.0	89	50.0	72
July	1033.5	82	946.5	79	2.8	61	–35.2	76	42.0	82
August	1027.7	95	9431	75	0.3	92	–37.4	90	49.0	75
September	1026.0	67	943.9	68	–0.8	83	–36.2	92	44.2	69
October	1012.8	89	946.0	80	0.0	67	–31.0	72	46.2	67
November	1016.2	96	954.5	78	4.0	92	–20.2	86	42.7	67
December	1019.7	74	952.8	83	8.0	84	–12.0	85	38.2	64

Dumont d'Urville cont. (see Section 7.11.1)

Table 7.11.1.4.3 Yearly average and standard deviation of pressure, temperature, wind speed and day temperature range (DTR) at Dumont

d'Urville from 1960 to 1996.

	Pressure (hPa)		Temperature (ºC)		Wind Speed (m s^–1)		D.T.R. (ºC)
Years	Mean	Std dev	Mean	Std dev	Mean	Std dev
1960–96	988.1	11.2	–10.6	7.2	9.6	6.8	4.3

Port Martin and Cape Denison AWSs (see Section 7.11.2)

Table 7.11.2.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at Port Martin (~66º 49´ S, ~141º 23´ E, ~39 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1990–96 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

12.2

15.1

17.2

15.0

17.4

14.9

13.4

15.1

11.0

14.9

12.0

10.2

14.0

Wind direction

SSE

Table 7.11.2.4.2 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at Cape Denison AWS (~67º 01´ S, 142º 41´ E, ~31 m AMSL), George V Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1990–98 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

14.2

18.0

22.8

23.2

25.9

23.0

26.1

25.1

25.5

24.8

17.6

12.0

21.5

Wind direction

SSE

Table 7.11.2.4.3 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Port Martin (~66º 49´ S, ~141º 23´ E, ~39 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1990–96 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	987.6	985.8	982.0	985.0	979.7	986.6	992.7	982.0	979.3	975.1	984.4	984.0	983.7

Table 7.11.2.4.4 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Cape Denison AWS (~67º 01´ S, 142º 41´ E, ~31 m AMSL), George V Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1990–98 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	984.8	983.4	980.5	979.5	982.7	990.0	990.1	983.3	981.2	975.9	981.6	982.5	983.0

Port Martin and Cape Denison cont. (see Section 7.11.2)

Table 7.11.2.4.5 Climate statistics for Cape Denison (1912 to 1913). (Believed to be from Madigan (1929.)

Element/Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Mean daily Max.Temp. (ºC)

–2

–8

–15

–12

–16

–17

–16

–12

–5

–1

–10

Mean daily Min. Temp. (ºC)

–3

–7

–13

–18

–17

–20

–23

–21

–18

–12

–6

–15

Mean wind direction

Mean wind speed (m s^–1)

12.9

12.4

21.6

21.1

23.2

22.1

24.2

21.6

19.1

21.6

17.0

16.5

~29

Mean MSLP (hPa)

992

989

990

991

987

991

986

988

991

983

990

992

989

Table 7.11.2.4.6 Mean–monthly temperature at Port Martin (~66º 49´ S, ~141º 23´ E, ~39 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1990–96 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-1.6	-5.7	-10.1	-12.6	-15.6	-13.1	-15.2	-15.9	-17.6	-12.9	-6.8	-2.0	-10.8

Table 7.11.2.4.7 Mean–monthly temperature at Cape Denison AWS (~67º 01´ S, 142º 41´ E, ~31 m AMSL), George V Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1990–98 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-1.6	-6.3	-11.7	-14.7	-18.3	-16.0	-16.6	-19.5	-16.1	-15.1	-6.9	-1.7	-12.0

Leningradskaya (see Section 7.12.1)

Table 7.12.1.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed at Leningradskaya (~69º 30´ S, ~159º 23´ E, ~304 m AMSL), Oates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1988–91 and taken from: http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/data/climate/reader/reader.html.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

7.6

7.8

9.2

11.5

8.0

8.8

7.5

8.6

7.6

6.9

6.6

Table 7.12.1.4.2 Mean–monthly MSLP at Leningradskaya (~69º 30´ S, ~159º 23´ E, ~304 m AMSL), Oates Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1971–91 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	992.6	988.0	984.8	986.7	989.5	989.0	989.5	987.3	982.9	981.2	984.1	990.6	987.1

Table 7.12.1.4.3 Mean–monthly precipitation at Leningradskaya (~69º 30´ S, ~159º 23´ E, ~304 m AMSL), Oates Land.

(Compiled from 158 months of data spanning 1971–86 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.).

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	15.3	9.7	24.4	30.6	5.7	12.0	12.5	13.5	15.0	32.9	7.5	22.8	204.4

Leningradskaya cont. (see Section 7.12.1)

Table 7.12.1.4.4 Mean–monthly maximum and minimum temperatures at Leningradskaya (~69º 30´ S, ~159º 23´ E, ~304 m AMSL), Oates

Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1973–89 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Max. temp. (ºC)	-1.3	-4.3	-8.0	-12.9	-15.4	-16.5	-17.7	-17.8	-16.9	-14.6	-7.7	-2.2	-11.2
Min. temp. (ºC)	-6.3	-9.0	-13.2	-18.2	-21.7	-23.6	-25.3	-25.5	-23.8	-21.1	-13.4	-7.4	-17.3

Terra Nova Bay (see Section 7.12.2)


Figure 7.12.2.4.1 Monthly–mean temperature (ºC) for Terra Nova Bay (74° 41' 42" S, 164° 7' 23" E, 17 m AMSL),Victoria Land.	Figure 7.12.2.4.2 Monthly–mean relative humidity (%) for Terra Nova Bay (74° 41' 42" S, 164° 7' 23" E, 17 m AMSL),Victoria Land.

Terra Nova Bay cont. (see Section 7.12.2)

Figure 7.12.2.4.3 Monthly–mean pressure (hPa) for Terra Nova Bay, (74° 41' 42" S, 164° 7'

23" E, 17 m AMSL), Victoria Land.

Terra Nova Bay cont. (see Section 7.12.2)


Figure 7.12.2.4.4 Annual–mean wind rose for Terra Nova Bay (AWS 7353) (74° 41' 42" S, 164° 7' 23" E, 17 m AMSL), Victoria Land..	Figure 7.12.2.4.5 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7355.

Terra Nova Bay cont. (see Section 7.12.2)


Figure 7.12.2.4.6 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7352.	Figure 7.12.2.4.7 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7356.

Terra Nova Bay cont. (see Section 7.12.2)


Figure 7.12.2.4.8 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7350.	Figure 7.12.2.4.9 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7357.

Terra Nova Bay cont. (see Section 7.12.2)


Figure 7.12.2.4.10 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7351.	Figure 7.12.2.4.11 Annual–mean wind rose AWS 7358.

Terra Nova Bay cont. (see Section 7.12.2)

Figure 7.12.2.4.12 Annual–mean lapse rate of temperature and relative

humidity at Terra Nova Bay.

McMurdo Station (see Section 7.12.3)

Table 7.12.3.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP at McMurdo Station (~78º 52´ S, ~159º 40´ E, ~24 m AMSL), Victoria Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1956–93 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	992.9	990.7	988.9	990.1	992.1	991.1	988.3	988.0	984.0	981.0	985.3	990.7	988.6

Table 7.12.3.4.2 Mean–monthly precipitation at McMurdo Station (~78º 52´ S, ~159º 40´ E, ~24 m AMSL), Victoria Land.

(Compiled from 337 months of data spanning 1956–89 and taken from: http://www.worldclimate.com/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Precipitation (mm)	15.0	21.2	24.1	18.4	23.7	24.9	15.6	11.3	11.8	9.7	9.5	15.7	202.5

Table 7.12.3.4.3 Mean–monthly maximum and minimum temperatures at McMurdo Station (~78º 52´ S, ~159º 40´ W, ~24 m AMSL),

Victoria Land. (Compiled from data spanning 1956–88 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Max. temp. (ºC)	-0.3	-6.4	-14.2	-17.3	-19.0	-19.2	-21.8	-23.0	-21.0	-15.7	-6.5	-0.9	-13.8
Extreme daily max. temp. (ºC)	8	4	-2	-4	-3	-5	-5	-6	-2	1	4	9	9
Min. temp. (ºC)	-5.6	-11.8	-20.9	-24.9	-26.8	-27.3	-30.3	-32.0	-29.7	-23.6	-12.7	-6.0	-21.0
Extreme daily min. temp. (ºC)	-16	-25	-43	-42	-44	-41	-48	-40	-44	-39	-29	-17	-48

McMurdo Station cont. (see Section 7.12.3)


Figure 7.12.3.4.1 McMurdo Station wind rose. (From Hansen et al, (2001).)

Amundsen–Scott (South Pole) Station and Clean Air AWS (see Section 7.12.5)

Table 7.12.5.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at Clean Air AWS (~90º 00´ S, ~2,835 m AMSL), South Pole. (Compiled from data spanning

1986–99 and taken from: : (http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.) (Wind directions are in the grid system, using prime (Greenwich) meridian as north and the date line (180° longitude) as south.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

3.0

3.4

4.0

3.9

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.0

3.9

4.1

3.1

3.8

Wind direction

ESE

Table 7.12.5.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Amundsen-Scott (South Pole) Station (2,800 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1957–99 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	690.0	685.8	681.3	680.6	680.2	681.2	676.9	675.6	675.1	676.8	682.9	688.4	681.2

Table 7.12.5.4.3 Mean–monthly maximum and minimum temperatures at Amundsen-Scott (South Pole) Station (2,800 m AMSL).

(Compiled from data spanning 1957–97 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Max. temp. (ºC)	-26.4	-38.3	-50.7	-53.5	-54.1	-54.5	-55.9	-56.0	-55.5	-48.4	-36.6	-26.5	-46.4
Min. temp. (ºC)	-29.8	-43.0	-57.4	-60.7	-62.0	-62.3	-63.4	-63.5	-63.2	-54.0	-40.1	-29.3	-52.4

Siple Dome AWS (see Section 7.12.6)

Table 7.12.6.4.1 Mean–monthly wind speed and direction at Siple Dome AWS (~81º 40´ S, ~148º 46´ W, ~668 m AMSL),a Ross Ice Shelf area

AWS. (Compiled from data spanning 1997–99 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/ .)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Wind speed (m s^–1)

3.7

3.8

3.7

2.8

4.6

7.3

6.7

5.7

7.2

5.3

5.2

4.0

5.0

Wind direction

SSE

ESE

SSE

ENE

ESE

Table7.12.6.4.2 Mean–monthly station–level pressure at Siple Dome AWS (~81º 40´ S, ~148º 46´ W, ~668 m AMSL), a Ross Ice Shelf area

AWS. (Compiled from data spanning 1997–1999 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	902.6	900.3	892.7	889.1	887.4	897.6	889.1	886.3	892.0	886.2	890.8	898.7	892.7

Siple Dome AWS cont. (see Section 7.12.6)

Table 7.12.6.4.3 Mean–monthly temperature at Siple Dome AWS (~81º 40´ S, ~148º 46´ W, ~668 m AMSL), a Ross Ice Shelf area AWS.

(Compiled from data spanning 1997–1999 and taken from: http://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/aws/.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-10.6	-15.3	-22.5	-29.1	-29.7	-24.9	-29.3	-31.8	-27.6	-23.0	-16.2	-11.1	-22.6

Russkaya Station (see Section 7.13.1)

Table 7.13.1.4.1 Mean–monthly MSLP at Russkaya Station (~74 46´ S, ~136º 52´ W, ~124 m AMSL), Marie Byrd Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1980–1988 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Pressure (hPa)	990.1	987.0	982.3	978.7	984.1	982.8	981.2	978.5	978.6	972.8	975.8	984.6	981.4

Table 7.13.1.4.2 Mean–monthly temperature at Russkaya Station (~74º 46´ S, ~136º 52´ W, ~124 m AMSL), Marie Byrd Land.

(Compiled from data spanning 1980–1988 and taken from: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html.)

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sept	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Temperature (ºC)	-2.7	-6.5	-10.2	-13.1	-13.2	-17.6	-20.2	-20.2	-19.3	-14.4	-9.0	-4.3	-12.6

Byrd Station (see Section 7.13.2)

Table 7.13.2.4.1 Mean–monthly and extreme* data for Byrd Station for the period 1957–60. (Based on data from Phillpot (1967.)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Mean daily maximum

temperatures (º C)

–13.1

–16.5

–24.7

–25.7

–27.9

–30.0

–32.9

–33.5

–31.6

–25.0

–18.9

–12.1

–24.4

Highest daily maximum temp. (º C)

–5.0

–7.2

–12.8

–8.3

–7.2

–16.1

–14.4

–15.0

–16.7

–11.1

–6.7

–2.8

–2.8*

Mean daily minimum temperatures (º C)

–18.8

–22.9

–32.7

–34.9

–36.9

–39.1

–41.8

–41.7

–38.8

–33.9

–26.0

–17.6

–32.2

Lowest daily minimum temp. (º C)

–29.4

–38.9

–52.8

–58.9

–54.4

–59.4

–62.8

–62.2

–53.0

–50.0

–41.1

–29.4

–62.8*

Mean total cloud amount (oktas)

5.1

5.7

5.4

4.8

3.9

3.8

4.2

4.8

5.5

4.5

5.4

4.7

Maximum wind gust –Dir–Speed (m s^–1)

21.1

NNE

26.8

N/NNE

25.2

25.8

31.9

ENE

29.9

37.1

36.1

ENE

39.7

29.9

NNE

25.8

27.8

ENE*

39.7

Mean station level (hPa)

813

812

805

811

808

809

802

803

796

801

805

815

807

Byrd Station cont. (see Section 7.13.2)

Table 7.13.2.4.2 Wind frequency table for Byrd Station for the period 1957–60 (~ 950 synoptic observations).

(Based on data from Phillpot (1967). For each month line (a) is the % frequency and line (b) the mean wind speed in m s^–1 .)

		N	NNE	NE	ENE	E	ESE	SE	SSE	S	SSW	SW	WSW	W	WNW	NW	NNW	Calms
Jan	(a)	20.9	26	17.1	2.3	2.8	1.2	3.5	2.3	3.2	2.2	4.6	2	5.1	1.8	5.7	3.5	3.6
	(b)	7.9	7.7	6.7	5.3	3.8	3.1	3.6	4.6	5.5	5.1	5.9	5.3	4.6	4.2	4.7	5.5	0
Feb	(a)	29.7	24.8	18.9	2.4	1.6	0	0.8	0.6	1.8	0.6	1	1.2	3.1	2.9	9	6.8	2.2
	(b)	8.4	9.3	8.8	8.2	6.5		2	1.5	4.2	4.6	4.7	4.9	7.2	6.1	5.1	5.8	0
Mar	(a)	20.6	32.8	26.6	2.7	1	0	0.6	0	0.8	1	2.7	2.2	2.2	2.1	4.9	5.6	1.4
	(b)	8.6	9.9	9.7	8.6	7.7		5.6		3.7	5	4.9	4.5	5.4	5.5	5.3	6.3	0
Apr	(a)	24.5	33.6	17.8	2	0.6	0	0	0	0.8	1.1	1.5	1.1	3.1	3	8.7	7.3	1.4
	(b)	7.7	9.4	9.6	8	8.7				4.9	4.9	6.8	4	8.4	7	6	6.4	0
May	(a)	17.2	25.6	27.6	4.5	1	0.8	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	1.9	1.4	3.1	4.7	9.6	6.2	0.9
	(b)	8.7	10.6	11.1	12	8.2	4.6	4.5	3	4.1	4.2	8.1	4.9	8.7	9.4	7.5	7.7	0
Jun	(a)	25.5	30	21.1	3.2	1.1	0.7	0.7	0.7	0	1	1.7	1.2	4.4	2.8	6.5	5.8	1
	(b)	8.5	10.1	10.8	12.3	10	8.9	5.3	4.3		6.3	6.4	6.4	6.4	5.5	5.2	5.8	0
Jul	(a)	28.5	26.8	16.7	5.5	2.4	1	0.9	0	0	0	1.2	1.7	2.4	3.2	7.1	7.6	1.6
	(b)	8.6	10.2	13.3	11.4	11.1	10.5	6.3				6.7	6	6.3	5.5	7.2	7.9	0
Aug	(a)	19.2	31.9	27.8	8.1	1.5	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.6	0	0.9	1	3.1	1.9	3	5.5	1.1
	(b)	9.7	10.5	11	11.1	6.8	6.6	5.8	4.6	6.6		5.2	8	7.7	5	6.5	6.9	0
Sep	(a)	11.3	32	42.6	10.7	2	1.1	0.6	0.7	0.6	0	0.6	0.6	0.9	0.6	0.9	1.7	0.7
	(b)	8.7	10.1	12.2	12.3	7.6	5.2	9.7	5.3	4.6		4.6	7.1	5.7	7.7	5.7	7.1	0
Oct	(a)	15.9	25.8	33.3	5.5	1.3	0.6	0.7	0.6	1.2	0.9	2.3	1.6	2.7	1.9	7.6	5.1	1.2
	(b)	7.7	9.4	11.2	10.4	7.2	5.6	5.1	2.5	3.7	4.6	6.5	8	6.5	5.9	6.5	6.9	0
Nov	(a)	12.5	35.8	33.3	6.7	2.6	1	1	0.7	0.8	0	0.9	1	0.9	1.8	2.6	2.8	2.8
	(b)	7.5	9.5	8.8	8.3	7.3	5.3	2.4	4.1	2.5		4.3	4.3	4.9	2.5	6.2	5.1	0
Dec	(a)	18.6	24.4	20.9	3.7	1.2	0.8	1.1	1.1	2.8	1.8	3.9	2.6	3.9	3.6	5.6	8.7	3.3
	(b)	7	7.9	8.9	7.5	4.3	2.8	3.3	3.5	6.2	6.4	5.4	4.7	5.4	5.5	4.7	6.8	0