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ANTARCTIC OZONE
This page gives information about ozone at Halley, Rothera and Vernadsky/Faraday
stations. It was either updated or new data was added on 2018
July 2.
Antarctic ozone today: The southern polar vortex is strengthening, setting the scene for the 2018 ozone hole. The atmospheric circulation is in early winter mode with generally lower ozone over the continent and higher ozone over the Southern Ocean. The lowest values, around 240 DU, are near the Pole, but amounts are higher (400 DU) and building over the southern ocean. Most short-term variation in ozone amount is due to dynamic processes. Ozone values over the continent range from around 240 DU to 300 DU. There are noticeable differences between the various satellite ozone measurements over Antarctica. Temperatures in the ozone layer are falling and it is now cold enough (below -78°C) for Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) to form in some parts of the ozone layer within the vortex. Temperatures are highest in a broad ring around 50°S and decline towards the pole, where they are coldest, and to the equator . They are generally a little below the normal.
The 2017 ozone hole: The polar vortex formed over the winter, isolating the ozone layer over Antarctica and grew to around 31 million square kilometres in early August. This is an earlier peak than in most years and smaller than the mean maximum size. Thereafter it slowly shrank, with the decline becoming more rapid in late November. It had gone by mid December. It was smaller than the decadal mean size after early August and disappeared earlier than usual. Stratospheric temperatures fell below -78°C through much of the ozone layer, leading to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds over the winter. The area with clouds was generally a little larger than average until late July, reaching a peak of 27 million square kilometres, and then declined, becoming much smaller than average in late September. Overall, meteorological conditions in the ozone layer were stable until early August, allowing colder than normal temperatures to persist. They became very unstable around the equinox, but then returned to moderate stability. The vortex often became very elliptical. A short-lived minor warming took place around August 8, with further warming events in late August, mid September and early October. The ozone hole formed in early August over the base of the Antarctic Peninsula, in part assisted by dynamic forcing. Rothera station saw ozone hole values for the first time on July 15, and for a longer period in early August. The hole grew steadily and by the second week of September had reached 20 million square kilometres in size, about the average for the past decade. As the ozone hole became elliptical its area shrank to around 11 million square kilometres in late September, much smaller than usual for this time of year. The ozone hole lasted until mid November, about the same as in 2016. It was generally a little smaller than that of 2016, which itself was smaller than the decadal average. The edge of the ozone hole affected the tip of South America, the Falklands or South Georgia over September 15 to 19, September 25 to 29, October 2 to 7, October 14 to 18 and October 23 to November 8.
Provisional indications suggest that ozone hole levels were reached in the Arctic on 2018 February 3. The region affected was between Svalbard and Scandinavia. Very low ozone occurred over the west coast of Canada on February 12, 13, 16 and 17 in an event that was probably dynamically forced, although PSCs were seen. A spring warming has occurred and all parts of the Arctic ozone layer are now above the PSC formation threshold.
See the final situation report for last year for information on the 2016 - 2017 season.
Notes: An ozone hole is defined as an area with values below 220 Dobson Units (DU). On average a column of air will hold 300 DU of ozone, equivalent to 3mm of ozone at sea-level pressure. Most of the ozone is between 10 and 40 km with a peak at around 20 km. The Antarctic ozone hole is usually largest in early September and deepest in late September to early October. September 16 is world ozone day, and in 2009 the final UN Member State to ratify the Montreal Protocol signed up. All 197 Member States have now ratified the protocol up to and including the Beijing amendments. 2007 was the International Year of the Ozone Layer. Prior to the formation of ozone holes, Antarctic ozone values were normally at their lowest in the autumn (ie March). On occasion atmospheric vertical motions create small areas with ozone substantially below the long term average. Different satellites give different views of the exact ozone distribution. The continent covers 14 million sq. km. A summary of the WMO/UN 2014 Ozone Assessment, the Assessment for Decision-Makers was released on 2014 September 10. 2017 is the 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol.
Observations
from Halley since 1994 (the year when ozone depleting gasses were at their peak
according to one estimate) show a slow increase of about 1 DU per year in the
minimum ozone amount recorded each October, however the inter-annual variation
is such that this trend is not yet significant (at the 99% level), ie the data
is also consistent with no change in the minimum amount. Although the
amount of ozone destroying substances in the atmosphere is going down, the
inter-annual variation in the size and depth of the ozone hole is largely
controlled by the meteorological conditions in the stratosphere. The
provisional Halley 2015 October minimum value was lower than that of 2014, 2013
and 2012 and this was due to the prevailing meteorological conditions. It
was also influenced by the eruption from Calbuco in southern Chile. The
recovery in springtime (ie September and October) minimum ozone values at Halley
is now statistically significant. A simple extrapolation of the trend in
minimum values gives the final year with ozone hole levels as 2073, though the
error bars on this estimate are very large. Models suggest that recovery
may be more rapid after 2010. It is still too soon to say that we have
had the worst ever ozone hole, particularly as there has been no major volcanic
eruption in the Southern Hemisphere since 1992. There has also been little
cooling of the lower stratosphere since the mid 1990s.
Click on a thumbnail to get the latest graph or high resolution images, which are updated more frequently than the thumbnails.
Halley - Total ozone:
The Dobson ozone observing season at Halley begins at the end of August and
ends in mid April. Note: very early and late season observations are made
with the Sun at low elevation, and are less accurate than those made during the
main observing period of September 6 to April 6. In addition the Dobson at
Halley was changed in 2012 February and required maintenance in 2013 August, so
the zenith sky tables of the current instrument are not yet fully determined.
The preliminary Dobson values given here should therefore be treated with some
caution and will be revised. Ozone observations at the station ceased
on 2017 February 15 when the station was shut down for the winter due to the risk of
calving of the ice shelf on which it is located. Manual observations resumed
on 2017 December 7, but ceased for the winter on 2018 February 26.
Jonathan Shanklin was on station over the summer and made many calibration
observations. An automated Dobson ran for a short while during January and
February. An automated SAOZ may run over the winter, but any data will not
be recovered until November. The total ozone column was around 300 DU
(15% depletion) in the second half of December. It had dropped to around
275 DU (10%
depletion) by late February.
Rothera - Total ozone:
Real-time graphs showing current ozone and NO2 levels. The instrument
failed around 2017 January 6
and was temporarily replaced with the spare on
January
20. The instrument failed again on March 20 and was replaced with the
spare on March 29. There are still occasional periods when the
computed values appear erroneous and this is likely due to internal clock
errors. Values fell from around 300 DU at the beginning of the year to
around 260 DU by the March equinox and had risen to around 315 DU by early July.
As the ozone hole began to develop values dropped, though with intermissions
when the vortex became elliptical. Minimum values fell to reach around 180
DU in mid October, though with maxima in late July, late August, mid September
and early October. Mean values rose rapidly in early November and peaked
at around 375 DU. By mid November they were declining, with the decline
speeding in December to reach around 270 DU by mid month. They then rose
to 320 DU for the last week of the year. During the first two months of
2018 they slowly declined to around 280 DU but rose during March to around 330
DU. They fell to 275 DU in early April, but slowly rose to 305 DU by the
winter solstice. Ozone hole
values were first seen on July 15, and sustained ozone hole conditions were
experienced from about August 6 to August 9, from September 3 to 14, from
September 25 to October 4 and from October 16 to 26. The lowest daily
value seen in the 2017/18 season was 151 DU on October 14, whilst the
highest was 386 DU on
November 9. Superimposed on the general trends described here are
fluctuations with periods of days to around a month and values can change by
over 50% in a few days in the spring when the polar vortex rotates across the
station.
Vernadsky - Total ozone: Vernadsky station is run by the
National Antarctic Scientific Centre of Ukraine. It is some 250 km north of
Rothera. The observing season at
Vernadsky
began in late July, showing total ozone values rising from around 250 DU to 280
DU by the month's end. The underlying trend in values was then a
fall to around 190 DU in mid October (45% depletion), though there were rises in
late August, mid September and early October to around 280 DU (20% depletion),
as the vortex rotated away from the station. Mean values rose quickly in
early November and peaked at around 370 DU (0% depletion). They declined
slowly at first, then more rapidly in December and had reached 290 DU (20% depletion)
by mid month. They then rose again and were around 310 DU for the last
week of the year (10% depletion). Values slowly fell in the first two
months of 2018 to around 280 DU, but rose to around 290 DU by the equinox and
320 DU at the end of March. They fell to reach
255 DU by the end of April. Overall the pattern is
similar to the historic mean with a slow fall from peak values until the
equinox, with more disturbed conditions thereafter. The lowest
daily value seen in the 2017/18 season was 146 DU on October 15, whilst the
highest was 398 DU on November 9. Superimposed on the general
trends described here are fluctuations with periods of days to around a month
and values can change by over 50% in a few days in the spring when the polar
vortex rotates across the station, which is usually near the edge region of the
polar vortex. Very early and late season observations are made with
the Sun at low elevation, and are less accurate than those made during the main
observing period of August 6 to May 6.
The instrument constants were revised in 2016 November, which resulted in
some previously listed values for 2016 and earlier being updated. A
further revision may be required. See the data section for current
provisional values for 1972 - date.
Temperature
and PSCs: The 100 hPa pressure level is near the base of the ozone
layer, but is reached by most radiosonde flights. The
temperature at this height is sufficiently cold from July to October that polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) can form. Note: "the normal" is used to refer to
the long term mean for the time of year.
Both Halley and Rothera see
displays of nacreous clouds. Those at Halley are of the form described
during the IGY as "ultra-cirrus". Rothera made 6 sightings
of the clouds in 2017 July.
Halley - 100 hPa temperature:
With the closure of the station over the 2017 and 2018 winters there were no
radio-sonde launches from 2017 February 14 to 2017 December 6, and from 2018 February 26. The 100 hPa temperature rose from
about -49°C on December 6th (8° colder than the normal for the time of year) to
-42°C in mid January. By late February it had fallen to -45°C. This
was
close to the normal for the time of year.
Peninsula - 100 hPa temperature:
The 100 hPa temperature was generally cooler than the normal during
2017. The mean temperature had dropped to around
-72°C by
the
winter
solstice and reached the winter minimum at around -80°C in the first half of
August. There was a temporary small warming in late August, with a moresubstantial
warming around the equinox, when the vortex became more elliptical and Rothera
was positioned outside it. Temperature had risen to around -64°C by early
November, which is colder than the normal. A rapid rise to around -42°C
then took place, with the temperature rising above the normal. It remained
at this temperature until late November and then fell to
around -52°C in mid December, which is substantially below the normal for the time of year.
They had risen to around -44°C by the end of the year and were near to the
normal. They slowly fell during the first three months of the year, then
more rapidly and by the winter solstice were a little below the normal at around -70°C.
There is often large day to day variation during the spring because the area is
in the edge region of the circumpolar vortex.
The June mean was 2C° colder than the normal for the time of year; it was also
less variable than usual; July was 3C° colder than the normal for the time of
year, but it was more variable than usual. August was also 3C° colder than
the normal for the time of year.
Arctic:
Significant ozone depletion affected the north polar region during January and
February 2018. Values were low between Svalbard and Scandinavia, where ozone hole levels
below 220 DU appear to have been reached on February 3. Low values below
220 DU were also reached near the west coast of Canada on February 12, 13, 16
and 17, in what appears to be dynamic event, although PSCs were seen. A major spring
warming then took place with a rapid rise in ozone amounts across the northern
polar regions. Ozone values across the Arctic and temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere
now range from around 300 DU to 400 DU. Ozone values over the UK are
around 340 DU. The temperature in the ozone layer across the Arctic is well above the PSC
formation threshold. The north polar vortex is usually smaller and more disturbed than the
corresponding one that forms during the Antarctic winter.
In 2010/11 a generally more stable than usual
Arctic vortex allowed stratospheric temperatures to drop below the PSC formation
threshold for a substantial period over the northern winter.
Warmings occurred in early January and early February, however parts of the
Arctic ozone layer within the vortex remained cold enough for stratospheric
clouds to form until early April, with temperatures substantially colder than
the normal. With large amounts of clouds sunlit, ozone depletion reached
its greatest towards the end of March. Ozone values at Lerwick dropped to
249 DU on 2011 March 29, when the major depletion event passed near the UK, but
values across the UK returned to near normal by mid April. The major
spring warming of the stratosphere occurred in early April and temperatures from
then on were then too warm for PSCs to exist. By contrast
the 2012/13 vortex was very unstable with stratospheric warmings
occurring in early and late December 2012. Temperatures had warmed above
the PSC formation threshold in late December and were at or near record levels
in 2013 January.
In 2015/16 the vortex was again very cold and
stable and in early February the vortex elongated south across the UK.
Spectacular displays of PSCs and nacreous clouds were seen across the UK on
February 1 and 2; good views were had from Cambridge. Ozone depletion
occurred, with unusually low values recorded on January 31/February 1, for
example 224 DU at Reading on February 1.
The vortex elongated again towards the end of the month, and further clouds were
seen from parts of the UK, with 240 DU recorded at Lerwick on February 29.
Nacreous clouds were again seen over northern England and Scotland on 2017
January 27. In 2017/18 the temperature in
the ozone layer within the polar vortex, particularly over Greenland, the
Russian Arctica and north of Scandinavia, was below the PSC formation threshold
from mid November until early February. Polar Stratospheric Clouds formed,
leading to significant ozone depletion. Ozone hole levels below 220
DU appear to have been reached on February 3 in a small area between Svalbard
and Scandinavia.
There are sometimes significant differences (over 100 DU) between modeled,
satellite and ground-based measurements, particularly when there is large
variation in total column ozone. Ozone values over the Arctic during
2017/18 are shown in our Northern Hemisphere OMI movie. For more
UK information see the DEFRA
UK Stratospheric Ozone Measurements page. Equator: Ozone
levels are normally lowest over the topics and OMI data shows nothing unusual.
The latest theories on how the ozone layer will change in response to increased
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggest that there will be a slow decline in
ozone amounts over tropical and sub-tropical regions. Measurements reported here refer to
ozone in the "ozone layer", where most of the ozone in the atmosphere is found.
This "layer" stretches from roughly 10 to 40km above the Earth's surface, with a
peak at around 20km. Bringing all the ozone in the "layer" down to ground
level would give a thickness of around 3mm of pure ozone, which reduces to
around 1mm at the height of the ozone hole. A little ozone also exists
closer to the Earth's surface and
recent research shows that natural halogens in Antarctica can produce
depletion in this near surface layer. The theoretical basis for the
formation of the Antarctic ozone hole and its link with the halogen chemistry of
man-made substances is well established and the mechanism is described at sites
such as the Ozone Hole Tour at the
Cambridge University Centre for Atmospheric Science. The BAS ozone
bulletins contained the actual ozone values reported together with an
analysis of the situation. These were distributed by email on request, but are
now superceded by this web site. The last
email ozone bulletin
was issued on 2002 May 28. The final situation report
of each season is archived for historical reference. Please read this metadata
description before asking any questions about the data.
[updated 2018 February 26]. Older data (1972 - 2011) has been
recomputed and all the preliminary values are posted. Some of the
zenith sky regressions do not give a good fit and will be improved. The
direct sun measurements during this period are unlikely to change. Current provisional daily
mean ozone values for 2017/2018 for Halley
[Updated 2018 February 26] and Vernadsky. [Updated 2018 June 8].
Note : The Dobson at Halley was changed in 2012 February and
required maintenance in 2013 August. The calibration of the current
instrument is not yet fully determined. The zenith sky tables or other
calibration values were last revised on 2018 February 4, but the daily means may
still have errors up to 5%, particularly when ozone values or the solar
elevation are low. The instrument constants for Dobson 123 at Vernadsky
were revised in 2017 December and may require further revision. The preliminary
Halley and Vernadsky values should therefore be treated with some caution.
Observations at Halley ceased on 2017 February 15, when the station closed for
the winter and resumed on 2017 December 7. They ceased again on
2018 February 26 and will resume in November or December. The instrument calibration constants
are being
revised, so values given here may change. Temperature
and Ozone graphs for Halley and Vernadsky/Faraday. [Updated 2017 July 24].
The historic period shown in the inline graphs is for 1957 - 1972. Rothera
Some background information on
Halley,
Rothera
and
Faraday
stations is available from BAS. Information about Vernadsky station is also
available from the Ukrainian Antarctic Centre. Information about Vladimir
Ivanovich Vernadsky Some surface and upper air synoptic
data is also available on line from our
public data page. Southern Hemisphere ozone
hole movies for 1997/1998 , 1998/1999
, 1999/2000 , 2000/2001
, 2001/2002 , 2002/2003
, 2003/2004 , 2004/2005
, 2005 [TOMS], 2005/2006
, 2006/2007 , 2007/2008
, 2008/2009 , 2009/2010
, 2010/2011 , 2011/2012
, 2012/2013 , 2013/2014
, 2014/2015 , 2015/2016
, 2016/2017 , 2017/2018
[OMI, updated 2018 June 25]. A short sequence of the
2001 ozone hole. Requests for permission to use this data or for further
information should be sent to Jon Shanklin who maintains these pages.
© Copyright Natural Environment Research Council - British
Antarctic Survey 2018
Satellite:
Satellite imagery gives a global perspective on the ozone hole, though there
are marked differences between the different satellites, demonstrating the need
for verification by ground based stations. Our
2017/2018 Antarctic ozone hole movie is produced
from OMI images, which are generally well calibrated with respect to ground
based measurements. The NCEP and KNMI analyses are shown on the
Canadian Met Service daily ozone maps pages. The KNMI model is
generally better at analysis and forecasting in the Antarctic. In
general the NCEP analysis in the Southern Hemisphere tends to over-emphasize
ozone depletion and the forecast further increases the amount of depletion, but
on occasion (for example in early August 2011) also ignores real ozone
depletion. The SMOBA and TOAST analyses both use SBUV and TOVS data, but
the TOAST algorithm may at times over-estimate ozone depletion. US NWS
CPC plots from NOAA show the
current area of the ozone hole, though note that this is often a preliminary
plot. The Sciamachy
uv index from the ESA Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet
Service shows the exposure risk at any location. TEMIS also provide
forecasts of total ozone out to 9 days.
Background and related material
Ozone bulletins
Ozone data
Two documents describe our standard operating procedures:
The BAS Dobson Manual
and the BAS ozone station
instructions. A paper describing the stations, observing programs and
reduction procedures is in preparation. Most of our data is available on line,
however please note that this is provisional and likely to change without
warning. You must request permission to reproduce the data and I may be
able to supply more suitable or more up to date material. If data from
Halley is used you must give the station name as Halley; Halley Bay was a
geographical feature that no longer exists.
Halley
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
2011/12 , 2012/13
,
2013/14 , 2014/15
,
2015/16 , 2016/17
, 2017/18 using Dobson 31.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
2005/06 , 2006/07
,
2007/08 , 2008/09
,
2009/10 , 2010/11
,
2011/12 , 2017/18
using Dobson 73.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
1991/92 , 1992/93
,
1993/94 , 1994/95
,
1995/96 , 1996/97
,
1997/98 , 1998/99
,
1999/00 , 2000/01
,
2001/02 , 2002/03
,
2003/04 , 2004/05
,
2005/06
using Dobson 103.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
1981/82 , 1982/83
,
1983/84 , 1984/85
,
1985/86 , 1986/87
,
1987/88 , 1988/89
,
1989/90 , 1990/91
,
1991/92
using Dobson 123.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
1972/73 ,
1973/74 , 1974/75
,
1975/76 , 1976/77
,
1977/78 , 1978/79
,
1979/80 , 1980/81
,
1981/82
using Dobson 31.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley
in
2011/12 , 2012/13
,
2013/14 , 2014/15
, 2015/16 ,
2016/17 , 2017/18 using Dobson 31.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
2005/06 , 2006/07
,
2007/08 , 2008/09
,
2009/10 , 2010/11
,
2011/12 , 2017/18
using Dobson 73.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
1991/92 , 1992/93
,
1993/94 , 1994/95
,
1995/96 , 1996/97
,
1997/98 , 1998/99
,
1999/00 , 2000/01
,
2001/02 , 2002/03
,
2003/04 , 2004/05
,
2005/06
using Dobson 103.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
1981/82 , 1982/83
,
1983/84 , 1984/85
,
1985/86 , 1986/87
,
1987/88 , 1988/89
,
1989/90 , 1990/91
,
1991/92
using Dobson 123.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
1972/73 ,
1973/74 , 1974/75
,
1975/76 , 1976/77
,
1977/78 , 1978/79
,
1979/80 , 1980/81
,
1981/82
using Dobson 31.
Faraday/Vernadsky
Provisional daily mean
ozone values for Vernadsky in
2004/05 , 2005/06
, 2006/07 ,
2007/08 , 2008/09
, 2009/10 ,
2010/11 , 2011/12
, 2012/13 ,
2013/14 , 2014/15
, 2015/16 ,
2016/17 , 2017/18 using Dobson 123.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Vernadsky in
1983/84 , 1984/85
, 1985/86 ,
1986/87 , 1987/88
, 1988/89 ,
1989/90 , 1990/91
, 1991/92 ,
1992/93 , 1993/94
, 1994/95 ,
1995/96 , 1996/97
, 1997/98 ,
1998/99 , 1999/00
, 2000/01 ,
2001/02 , 2002/03
, 2003/04 ,
2004/05 using Dobson 31.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Vernadsky in
1971/72 ,
1972/73 , 1973/74
, 1974/75 ,
1975/76 , 1976/77
, 1977/78 ,
1978/79 , 1979/80
, 1980/81 ,
1981/82 , 1982/83
, 1983/84 ,
1984/85 using Dobson 73.
Provisional individual ozone values for Vernadsky in
2004/05 , 2005/06
, 2006/07 ,
2007/08 , 2008/09
, 2009/10 ,
2010/11 , 2011/12
, 2012/13 ,
2013/14 , 2014/15
, 2015/16 ,
2016/17 , 2017/18 using Dobson 123.
Provisional individual ozone values for Vernadsky in
1983/84 , 1984/85
, 1985/86 ,
1986/87 , 1987/88
, 1988/89 ,
1989/90 , 1990/91
, 1991/92 ,
1992/93 , 1993/94
, 1994/95 ,
1995/96 , 1996/97
, 1997/98 ,
1998/99 , 1999/00
, 2000/01 ,
2001/02 , 2002/03
, 2003/04 ,
2004/05 using Dobson 31.
Provisional individual ozone values for Vernadsky in
1971/72 ,
1972/73 , 1973/74
, 1974/75 ,
1975/76 , 1976/77
, 1977/78 ,
1978/79 , 1979/80
, 1980/81 ,
1981/82 , 1982/83
, 1983/84 ,
1984/85 using Dobson 73.
Provisional monthly mean ozone values for Faraday/Vernadsky and Halley between 1956 and 2018 April.
Provisional monthly minimum ozone values for Faraday/Vernadsky between 1972 and 2018 April and Halley between 1956 and 2018 February.
Mean daily ozone values for the period 1957 - 1972 for
Faraday
and Halley. [NB: not corrected to Bass-Paur]
Daily ozone values for the period 1957 - 1973 for Faraday and Halley. [Revised to Bass-Paur]
Provisional Halley SAOZ total column nitrogen dioxide
and ozone:
2013 [processing revised 2013 November 22] ,
2014 ,
2015 , 2016 [updated
2016 December 12] and as
real-time graphs showing current ozone and NO2 levels [Not yet available].
The SAOZ may run during the 2018 winter.
Ozone & nitrogen dioxide:
SAOZ total column nitrogen dioxide and ozone:
1996 ,
1997 , 1998 ,
1999 ,
2000 , 2001 ,
2002 ,
2003 , 2004 ,
2005 ,
2006 , 2007 and
2008
[to 2008 January 22].
"New" SAOZ total column nitrogen dioxide and ozone:
2006 , 2007 ,
2008 ,
2009 , 2010 ,
2011 ,
2012 , 2013 ,
2014 ,
2015 , 2016 ,
2017 , 2018 [updated 2018 June 22] and as
real-time graphs showing current ozone and NO2 levels. Data is missing
between 2013 December 23 and 2014 January 6. Data from 2017 January 6 to
May 8 is
likely to be revised as there were some issues with the instrument. Some
data in October and November, which show high standard deviation is also
suspect, though in some cases this simply reflects large changes in ozone column
during the day.
Ozonesondes:
During 2003 we carried out ozone sonde flights at Rothera as part of the
QUOBI project. Data from these
flights
is available in NASA-AMES format. Animation
of the ozonesonde flight results [note that although the ozone scale on these
graphs reads nanobars, it should read mPa].
Bentham ozone. Provisional values for 1997
/ 1998 / 1999 /
2000
/ 2001 / 2003 /
2004 [updated 2004 November 5]. The
Bentham instrument ran until 2012, but data from it has not been used to produce
further ozone values.
Northern Hemisphere movies for 2000/2001 , 2001/2002
, 2002/2003 ,
2003/2004
, 2004/2005 , 2005
[TOMS], 2005/2006 ,
2006/2007
, 2007/2008 , 2008/2009
, 2009/2010 , 2010/2011
, 2011/2012 , 2012/2013
, 2013/2014 , 2014/2015
, 2015/2016 , 2016/2017
, 2017/2018
[OMI, updated 2018 June 25] A short sequence of ozone depletion during the
2002/03 northern winter showing the difference from the normal.
The annual movies are about 7Mb and were compiled from daily TOMS images until the end of 2005; from
2005/06 they have been compiled from OMI images. The movies begin and end in
June.
Today's
OMI global image
The
current area of the hole and
other latest details are available from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center.
Environment Canada have a set of
daily maps showing both northern and southern ozone levels from a variety of
sources.
The Sciamachy uv index
from the ESA Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service.
Note that west longitude is negative when entering co-ordinates.
Contacts
