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ANTARCTIC OZONE
This page gives information about ozone at Halley, Rothera and Vernadsky/Faraday
stations. It was either updated or new data was added on 2022 June 27.
The next update is likely to be on or about July 25.
Antarctic ozone today: The 2021 ozone hole is over, but the 2022 polar vortex is forming, with a current size of 20 million square kilometres (msqkm). Ozone amounts are beginning to rise outside the polar vortex and decline within it. Ozone values currently range from around 240 DU to 330 DU. The ozone layer temperature is highest around Antarctica and declines towards the equator and pole. The temperature throughout the ozone layer over Antarctica is declining and is now below the -78°C Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) formation threshold in the centre of the vortex, with a potential PSC area of 20 msqkm.
The 2021 ozone hole grew rapidly from late August and peaked at around 24 million square kilometres (msqkm) in early October, above the average of the last decade, though comparable to last year. It shrank very slowly and only finally disappeared around the time of the summer solstice, remaining substantially larger than the average over the past decade. NASA data shows that the minimum value of 92 DU was reached on October 7, a minimum only reached in 10% of the years since 1979. The polar vortex peaked at around 35 msqkm in late September, above average for the time of year. It shrank slowly until early December, then more rapidly and has declined to 5 msqkm, above average for this point in December. The area with PSCs reached a maximum of around 29 msqkm in early August, above the average of 25 msqkm. It had shrunk to zero by early November, reaching this point later than average over the last decade.
Our thoughts and prayers are with our Ukrainian colleagues in Kyiv and at Vernadsky, who continue with their scientific work despite the invasion of their country.
September 16 is World Ozone Day.
See the final situation report for last year for information on the 2020 - 2021 season.
Notes: An ozone hole is defined as an area with values below 220 Dobson Units (DU). On average a column of air will hold 300 DU of ozone, equivalent to 3mm of ozone at sea-level pressure. Most of the ozone is between 10 and 40 km with a peak at around 20 km. The Antarctic ozone hole is usually largest in early September and deepest in late September to early October. September 16 is world ozone day, and in 2009 the final UN Member State to ratify the Montreal Protocol signed up. All 197 Member States have now ratified the protocol up to and including the Beijing amendments. 2007 was the International Year of the Ozone Layer. Prior to the formation of ozone holes, Antarctic ozone values were normally at their lowest in the autumn (ie March). On occasion atmospheric vertical motions create small areas with ozone substantially below the long term average. Different satellites give different views of the exact ozone distribution. The continent covers 14 million sq. km. A summary of the WMO/UN 2014 Ozone Assessment, the Assessment for Decision-Makers was released on 2014 September 10. 2017 was the 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol. There are marked differences between the various satellite ozone measurements and analyses. The KNMI analysis and TEMIS forecasts are close to the observed values, whereas the Canadian analysis seems largely based on SMOBA data and is clearly at variance with ground based observations.
News: Observations reported in Nature in May 2018 showed that the rate of decline of CFC-11, an ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere, which is also a greenhouse gas, had become slower than predicted. This suggested that either something unusual was taking place in the atmosphere or that there were additional man-made emissions. The paper suggested that the most likely reason was illegal manufacture and release from somewhere in eastern Asia. Investigation by the EIA found that production of polyurethene foam in China could explain the observed changes. They encouraged the Chinese government to take immediate action. This became news again in May 2019 when another paper was published in Nature. The Chinese government took action and by 2021 the rate of decline had returned to that expected.
Observations
from Halley since 1994 (the year when ozone depleting gasses were at their peak
according to one estimate) show a slow increase of about 1 DU per year in the
minimum ozone amount recorded each October. However, the inter-annual variation
is such that this trend is not quite significant at the 99% level, ie the data
is also just consistent with no change in the minimum amount. Although the
amount of ozone destroying substances in the atmosphere is going down, the
inter-annual variation in the size and depth of the ozone hole is largely
controlled by the meteorological conditions in the stratosphere. The
provisional Halley 2015 October minimum value was lower than that of 2014, 2013
and 2012 and this was due to the prevailing meteorological conditions. It
was also influenced by the eruption from Calbuco in southern Chile. Models suggest that recovery
may be more rapid after 2010. The 2019 October ozone minimum at Halley was
the highest since the split ozone hole of 2002 and the overall springtime
minimum the highest since 1982. The springtime (ie September and October)
minimum ozone values at Halley are slightly better fitted by a quadratic than a
linear fit. It is still too soon to say that we have
had the worst ever ozone hole, particularly as there has been no major volcanic
eruption in the Southern Hemisphere since 1992. There has also been little
cooling of the lower stratosphere since the mid 1990s. A simple linear extrapolation of the trend in
minimum values gives the final year with ozone hole levels as 2070, whilst the
quadratic fit suggests 2035, though the error bars on this estimate are very
large. Satellite data, which shows good agreement with the Dobson
data, has been used to fill the gaps in 2016 and 2017.
Click on a thumbnail to get the latest graph or high resolution images, which are updated more frequently than the thumbnails.
Halley - Total ozone: The Dobson ozone observing season at Halley normally begins at the end of August and ends in mid April. Very early and late season observations are made with the Sun at low elevation, and are less accurate than those made during the main observing period of September 6 to April 6. See the final situation report for last year for further information.
Automated observations with Dobson 73 resumed on August 27, with values around
230 DU. Unfortunately the microturbine that provides power to the
automated systems suffered a failure that night and did not restart.
The station was re-occupied in late November and both manual and autoDobson observations resumed on November 24.
The former continued until February 5.
Water ingress temporarily put the autoDobson out of action between December
17 and 24 and it was also out of action between January 11 and 14. The
autoDobson ceased operation for the period of winter darkness on April 15.
The SAOZ instrument continued until April 29, when it may have suffered a
technical issue.
The station was still within the ozone hole when observations resumed, but ozone values rose and it left the ozone hole on November 27. Mean values reached around 270 DU (30% depletion) at the end of November before falling back to ozone hole levels on December 8. Daily values remained near or below the ozone hole threshold until December 17. Values rose to a peak of around 290 DU (15% depletion) in late December and remained near this level until late January. Values are now falling and are around 230 DU (15% depletion). The calibrations were re-evaluated at the end of the observing season, but still require some further refinement. The autoDobson reads a little high when ozone values are low, an effect of lack of comparison measurements during the ozone hole period since the automated instrument began operations.
Rothera - Total ozone:
Real-time graphs showing current ozone and NO2 levels. There are occasional periods when the
computed values appear erroneous and this is
likely due to internal clock
errors. Mean ozone values remained relatively close to the average
until late April at around 280 DU. Values had risen
to around 300 DU by
the
winter
solstice. They fell to around 260 DU in late July, but then rose back to
280 DU by mid August. Mean values fell and reached a minimum of 140 DU in
early October, below the mean over the last 30 years. They rose to reach
around 220 DU by the end of October, but fell in November to 170 DU by mid
month, well below the long term average. They rose rapidly to a peak of
320 DU at the end of November, a little above the average for this point in
November. Mean values then dropped to 225 DU, though daily values were
below the ozone hole threshold between December 9 and 14. Values then rose
and reached around 310 DU at the end of December, above the average for the
time of year. Values slowly declined to around 260 DU in early February.
They rose to 290 DU in late March and slowly fell to around 270 DU in mid May.
Values rose to around 310 DU by mid June, then began to fall. Mean values
have been close to average all year, though daily readings dropped to ozone hole
values in late May. The station saw its first ozone
hole day of the season on July 26, with a value of 202 DU. It was within the ozone hole
from September 5 to November 23. The lowest value
this season was 116 DU on
October 10. Superimposed on the general trends described
here are fluctuations with periods of days to around a month and values can
change by over 50% in a few days in the spring when the polar vortex rotates
across the station.
Vernadsky - Total ozone:
Vernadsky station is run by the
National Antarctic Scientific Centre of Ukraine.
It is some 250 km north of Rothera. The observing season at Vernadsky
began in late July when observations indicated ozone levels of around 270 DU.
Ozone values generally fell, though there was strong wave activity with an
amplitude of around 25 DU and period of about three weeks. Mean values
reached a minimum of around 180 DU (50% depletion) in early October. Mean
values then rose and reached 290 DU (20% depletion) in early November before
falling back to 205 DU (45%depletion) by mid month. They rose quickly to
reach 340 DU (5% depletion) in late November, but then fell to 260 DU (25%
depletion) in the first half of December, with the daily value below the ozone
hole threshold on December 13. Mean values then rose to a second peak of around
325 DU (5% depletion) in late December. Values slowly fell to a minimum of around 270 DU (10% depletion)
in February. They had risen to around 300 DU (0% depletion) at the end of
April, but then fell to around 260 DU at the end of the observing season. The lowest mean daily value
this season was 152 DU on September 30 and on October 10. The highest mean
daily value this season was 374 DU on December 2. Observations have now
ceased for the winter and will resume in late July.
Superimposed on the general trends during the year are fluctuations with periods of days to around a month and values can change by over 50% in a few days in the spring when the polar vortex rotates across the station, which is usually near the edge region of the polar vortex. Very early and late season observations are made with the Sun at low elevation, and are less accurate than those made during the main observing period of August 6 to May 6.
Temperature
and PSCs: The 100 hPa pressure level is near the base of the ozone
layer, but is reached by most radiosonde flights. The
temperature at this height is sufficiently cold from July to October that polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) can form. Note: "the normal" is used to refer to
the long term mean for the time of year.
Both Halley and Rothera see
displays of nacreous clouds. Those at Halley are of the form described
during the IGY as "ultra-cirrus". The Rothera 2021 season had
sightings on June 25, 26, 29, July 6, August 4, 14, September 9, 16, 27.
In 2022 the Rothera season began on May 29, with clouds also seen on May 31.
Halley - 100 hPa temperature: Radiosonde flights are only
made during the short summer season and this year ran from November
29 to February 5. The 100 hPa temperature over the station fell from around
-57°C when observations resumed to
-63°C in mid December. The temperature then rose rapidly to a peak of around
-41°C at the start of January, close to the long term mean for the time of year.
It has since fallen and was around -47°C when flights ceased, which is colder than the long
term mean.
Peninsula - 100 hPa temperature:
The "Peninsula temperature" is usually the mean of five flights per week
from Rothera and one from Marambio and may include other stations when available.
Flights began at Frei on 2022 February 9. Special flights were also
carried out at Vernadsky from 2022 May 9. The 100 hPa temperature was around -44°C in
early January 2021,
close to
All the colder winters in the ozone layer
have been within the last 15 years.
Arctic: The
Arctic polar vortex disipated in mid April following a spring warming. Temperatures are above the
Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) formation temperature thoughout
the Arctic stratosphere.
The PSC area grew to around 8 msqkm in late December.
It then declined to around 4 msqkm, before building back to peaks of 13 msqkm in
January and February, well above average.
The PSC area declined after mid February and reached near zero by mid March.
The north polar vortex grew to 8 msqkm in late December, a little larger than
average for this time of year. It declined to around 6 msqkm, but
strengthened again to around 22 msqkm in mid February, well above average.
It shrank rapidly in April and was gone by mid month. Ozone values
are relatively uniform and currently range from around 290 DU
to around 380 DU. Ozone amounts over the UK are around 350 DU.
There were strange purple sunset colours from Cambridge on February 1, which
might have been linked to PSCs, but PSCs were not reported elsewhere from the
UK. Very high ozone values were recorded at Cambridge on February 19.
the average. It fell to reach a minimum of around -80°C in late August, below the average.
The temperature rose to reach around -65°C in early November, still well below the long term
average. It then fell back to -70°C in mid month as the polar vortex moved
back over the station, but then rose to -47°C at the end of November, a little
above the long
term average. The temperature then dropped to around -59°C, some 12 degrees
below the long term average, before rising to -41°C at the end of the year, above average.
The temperature slowly fell, remaining around the long term
average until late May. There was then a rapid cooling to around -70°C,
with slow cooling thereafter. There was quite strong wave activity from May
2021 until the summer
solstice, with an amplitude of around three degrees
and a period of around three weeks. There is often large day to day variation during the spring because the area is
in the edge region of the circumpolar vortex.
The north polar vortex is usually smaller and more disturbed than the corresponding one that forms during the Antarctic winter.
There are sometimes significant differences (over 100 DU) between modeled, satellite and ground-based measurements, particularly when there is large variation in total column ozone. Ozone values over the Arctic during 2019/20 are shown in our Northern Hemisphere OMI movie. For more UK information see the DEFRA UK Stratospheric Ozone Measurements page.
Equator: Ozone levels are normally lowest over the topics and OMPS data shows nothing unusual. The latest theories on how the ozone layer will change in response to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggest that there will be a slow decline in ozone amounts over tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Measurements reported here refer to ozone in the "ozone layer", where most of the ozone in the atmosphere is found. This "layer" stretches from roughly 10 to 40km above the Earth's surface, with a peak at around 20km. Bringing all the ozone in the "layer" down to ground level would give a thickness of around 3mm of pure ozone, which reduces to around 1mm at the height of the ozone hole. A little ozone also exists closer to the Earth's surface and research shows that natural halogens in Antarctica can produce depletion in this near surface layer. The theoretical basis for the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole and its link with the halogen chemistry of man-made substances is well established and the mechanism is described at sites such as the Ozone Hole Tour at the Cambridge University Centre for Atmospheric Science.
The BAS ozone bulletins contained the actual ozone values reported together with an analysis of the situation. These were distributed by email on request, but are now superceded by this web site. The last email ozone bulletin was issued on 2002 May 28. The final situation report of each season is archived for historical reference.
Please read this metadata
description before asking any questions about the data.
[updated 2019 December 9].
Two documents describe our standard operating procedures:
The BAS Dobson Manual
and the BAS ozone station
instructions. A paper describing the stations, observing programs and
reduction procedures is in preparation. Most of our data is available on line,
however please note that this is provisional and likely to change without
warning. You must request permission to reproduce the data and we may be
able to supply more suitable or more up to date material. If data from
Halley is used you must give the station name as Halley; Halley Bay was a
geographical feature that no longer exists.
Older data (1972 - 2011) has been recomputed and all the preliminary values are posted. Some of the zenith sky regressions do not give a good fit and will be improved. The direct sun measurements during this period are unlikely to change.
Current provisional daily
mean ozone values for 2021/2022 for Halley
[AutoDobson, updated 2022 April 29] and Vernadsky. [Updated 2022 May 25].
Note : The calibration of the current instruments is not yet
fully determined as the instruments use ongoing solar measurements for in-situ
calibration. The manual Dobson at Halley was changed in 2012 February and
required maintenance in 2013 August. The zenith sky tables or other
calibration values were last revised on 2018 February 4, but the daily means may
still have errors up to 5%, particularly when ozone values or the solar
elevation are low. Halley has become a summer only station and there are no manual observations
between 2017 February 15 and 2017 December 7,
2018 February 26 and 2018 December 10, 2019 February 16 and 2021 January 10 and
since 2021 February 10. The instrument calibration constants
are being
revised, so values given here may change. The automated Dobson is likely
to have larger errors as it has not been callibrated under low ozone conditions.
The instrument constants for Dobson 123 at Vernadsky were revised in 2019
October and may require further revision. The preliminary Halley and Vernadsky
values should therefore be treated with some caution.
Halley
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
2011/12 , 2012/13
,
2013/14 , 2014/15
,
2015/16 , 2016/17
, 2017/18 , 2018/19
, 2019/20 , 2020/21
, 2021/22 using Dobson 31 in manual operation.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
2005/06 , 2006/07
,
2007/08 , 2008/09
,
2009/10 , 2010/11
,
2011/12 using Dobson 73 in manual mode. 2017/18
, 2018/19 , 2019/20
, 2020/21 , 2021/22 using Dobson 73 in auto mode.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
1991/92 , 1992/93
,
1993/94 , 1994/95
,
1995/96 , 1996/97
,
1997/98 , 1998/99
,
1999/00 , 2000/01
,
2001/02 , 2002/03
,
2003/04 , 2004/05
,
2005/06
using Dobson 103.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
1981/82 , 1982/83
,
1983/84 , 1984/85
,
1985/86 , 1986/87
,
1987/88 , 1988/89
,
1989/90 , 1990/91
,
1991/92
using Dobson 123.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Halley in
1972/73 ,
1973/74 , 1974/75
,
1975/76 , 1976/77
,
1977/78 , 1978/79
,
1979/80 , 1980/81
,
1981/82
using Dobson 31.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley
in
2011/12 , 2012/13
,
2013/14 , 2014/15
, 2015/16 ,
2016/17 , 2017/18 ,
2018/19 , 2019/20 ,
2020/21 , 2021/22 using Dobson 31 in manual operation.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
2005/06 , 2006/07
,
2007/08 , 2008/09
,
2009/10 , 2010/11
,
2011/12 with Dobson 73 in manual mode, 2017/18
, 2018/19 , 2019/20
, 2020/21 , 2021/22 using Dobson 73 in auto mode.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
1991/92 , 1992/93
,
1993/94 , 1994/95
,
1995/96 , 1996/97
,
1997/98 , 1998/99
,
1999/00 , 2000/01
,
2001/02 , 2002/03
,
2003/04 , 2004/05
,
2005/06
using Dobson 103.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
1981/82 , 1982/83
,
1983/84 , 1984/85
,
1985/86 , 1986/87
,
1987/88 , 1988/89
,
1989/90 , 1990/91
,
1991/92
using Dobson 123.
Provisional individual ozone values for Halley in
1972/73 ,
1973/74 , 1974/75
,
1975/76 , 1976/77
,
1977/78 , 1978/79
,
1979/80 , 1980/81
,
1981/82
using Dobson 31.
Faraday/Vernadsky
Provisional daily mean
ozone values for Vernadsky in
2004/05 , 2005/06
, 2006/07 ,
2007/08 , 2008/09
, 2009/10 ,
2010/11 , 2011/12
, 2012/13 ,
2013/14 , 2014/15
, 2015/16 ,
2016/17 , 2017/18 ,
2018/19 , 2019/20 ,
2020/21 , 2021/22 using Dobson 123.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Vernadsky in
1983/84 , 1984/85
, 1985/86 ,
1986/87 , 1987/88
, 1988/89 ,
1989/90 , 1990/91
, 1991/92 ,
1992/93 , 1993/94
, 1994/95 ,
1995/96 , 1996/97
, 1997/98 ,
1998/99 , 1999/00
, 2000/01 ,
2001/02 , 2002/03
, 2003/04 ,
2004/05 using Dobson 31.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Vernadsky in
1971/72 ,
1972/73 , 1973/74
, 1974/75 ,
1975/76 , 1976/77
, 1977/78 ,
1978/79 , 1979/80
, 1980/81 ,
1981/82 , 1982/83
, 1983/84 ,
1984/85 using Dobson 73.
Provisional individual ozone values for Vernadsky in
2004/05 , 2005/06
, 2006/07 ,
2007/08 , 2008/09
, 2009/10 ,
2010/11 , 2011/12
, 2012/13 ,
2013/14 , 2014/15
, 2015/16 ,
2016/17 , 2017/18 ,
2018/19 , 2019/20 ,
2020/21 , 2021/22 using Dobson 123.
Provisional individual ozone values for Vernadsky in
1983/84 , 1984/85
, 1985/86 ,
1986/87 , 1987/88
, 1988/89 ,
1989/90 , 1990/91
, 1991/92 ,
1992/93 , 1993/94
, 1994/95 ,
1995/96 , 1996/97
, 1997/98 ,
1998/99 , 1999/00
, 2000/01 ,
2001/02 , 2002/03
, 2003/04 ,
2004/05 using Dobson 31.
Provisional individual ozone values for Vernadsky in
1971/72 ,
1972/73 , 1973/74
, 1974/75 ,
1975/76 , 1976/77
, 1977/78 ,
1978/79 , 1979/80
, 1980/81 ,
1981/82 , 1982/83
, 1983/84 ,
1984/85 using Dobson 73.
Provisional Dobson monthly mean ozone values for Faraday/Vernadsky and Halley between 1956 and 2021 December.
Monthly mean satellite ozone values for Halley from 2004 October to 2019 August.
Note the satellite season lasts longer into April and starts earlier in August
than do Dobson measurements. Overall there is good agreement between the
two datasets, so the satellite data may be used to fill Dobson data gaps.
Provisional monthly minimum ozone values for Faraday/Vernadsky between 1972 and 2021 December and Halley between 1956 and 2021 December.
Mean daily ozone values for the period 1957 - 1972 for
Faraday
and Halley. [NB: not corrected to Bass-Paur]
Daily ozone values for the period 1957 - 1973 for Faraday and Halley. [Revised to Bass-Paur]
Provisional Halley SAOZ total column nitrogen dioxide
and ozone:
2013 [processing revised 2013 November 22] ,
2014 ,
2015 , 2016 , 2021
, 2022 [updated
2022 May 13] and as
real-time graphs showing current ozone and NO2 levels [Not yet available].
The SAOZ did not run from when the station closed before the 2018 winter until
the 2021/22 summer.
Temperature and Ozone graphs for Halley and Vernadsky/Faraday. [Updated 2021 December 14]. The historic period shown in the inline graphs is for 1957 - 1972.
Rothera
Ozone & nitrogen dioxide:
SAOZ total column nitrogen dioxide and ozone:
1996 ,
1997 , 1998 ,
1999 ,
2000 , 2001 ,
2002 ,
2003 , 2004 ,
2005 ,
2006 , 2007 and
2008
[to 2008 January 22].
"New" SAOZ total column nitrogen dioxide and ozone:
2006 , 2007 ,
2008 ,
2009 , 2010 ,
2011 ,
2012 , 2013 ,
2014 ,
2015 , 2016 , 2017 ,
2018 , 2019 , 2020 ,
2021 , 2022 [updated 2022
June 27]
and as
real-time graphs showing current ozone and NO2 levels. Data is missing
between 2013 December 23 and 2014 January 6. Data from 2017 January 6 to
May 8 is
likely to be revised as there were some issues with the instrument. Some
data in 2017 October and November, which show high standard deviation is also
suspect, though in some cases this simply reflects large changes in ozone column
during the day. There are some shorter periods with missing data due to
computer glitches. These became more problematic in 2019 and no data was collected
between 2019 January 18 and March 4.
Provisional monthly mean ozone values
from 1996 to 2021 December.
Note that means for some months are based on partial data.
Ozonesondes:
During 2003 we carried out ozone sonde flights at Rothera as part of the
QUOBI project. Data from these
flights
is available in NASA-AMES format. Animation
of the ozonesonde flight results [note that although the ozone scale on these
graphs reads nanobars, it should read mPa].
Bentham ozone. Provisional values for 1997
/ 1998 / 1999 /
2000
/ 2001 / 2003 /
2004 [updated 2004 November 5]. The
Bentham instrument ran until 2012, but data from it has not been used to produce
further ozone values.
Cambridge
Some experimental data from an automated Dobson is available, but this
is not well calibrated, particularly when ozone amounts are above 350 DU and when the sun is low in the sky.
It has been brought back into operation for trials and some preliminary data is now available,
though there are some technical issues with the instrument leading to data gaps.
Provisional daily mean ozone values for Cambridge in
2018/19 , 2019/20 ,
2021/22 [updated 2022 June 27] using Dobson 103 in automode.
Provisional individual ozone values for Cambridge in 2018/19 , 2019/20 ,
2021/22 using Dobson 103 in automode.
Some background information on Halley, Rothera and Faraday stations is available from BAS. Information about Vernadsky station is also available from the Ukrainian Antarctic Centre. Information about Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
Some surface and upper air synoptic data is also available on line from our public data page.
Southern Hemisphere ozone
hole movies for 1997/1998 , 1998/1999
, 1999/2000 , 2000/2001
, 2001/2002 , 2002/2003
, 2003/2004 , 2004/2005
, 2005 [TOMS], 2005/2006
, 2006/2007 , 2007/2008
, 2008/2009 , 2009/2010
, 2010/2011 , 2011/2012
, 2012/2013 , 2013/2014
, 2014/2015 , 2015/2016
, 2016/2017 , 2017/2018
, 2018/2019 , 2019/2020
[OMI], 2020/2021 , 2021/2022 [OMPS, updated to 2022
May 31]. A short sequence of the
2001 ozone hole.
Northern Hemisphere movies for 2000/2001 , 2001/2002
, 2002/2003 ,
2003/2004
, 2004/2005 , 2005
[TOMS], 2005/2006 ,
2006/2007
, 2007/2008 , 2008/2009
, 2009/2010 , 2010/2011
, 2011/2012 , 2012/2013
, 2013/2014 , 2014/2015
, 2015/2016 , 2016/2017
, 2017/2018 , 2018/2019
, 2019/2020 [OMI], 2020/2021
, 2021/2022
[OMPS, updated to 2022 May 31]. A short sequence of ozone depletion during the
2002/03 northern winter showing the difference from the normal.
The annual OMI movies are about 7Mb and were compiled from daily TOMS images until the end of 2005; from
2005/06 until 2019/20 they were compiled from OMI images. From 2020/21 they use OMPS images
and the annual file size is over 16Mb.
The movies begin and end on the June solstice.
Today's
forecast OMI Antarctic image
The
current area of the hole and
other latest details are available from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center.
Environment Canada have a set of
daily maps showing both northern and southern ozone levels from a variety of
sources.
The Sciamachy uv index
from the ESA Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service.
Note that west longitude is negative when entering co-ordinates.
Requests for permission to use this data or for further information should be sent to Jon Shanklin who maintains these pages.
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